1. Protein Synthesis
Translation

2. Genes and Proteins
The coded information in DNA is put to work through production of proteins.
DNA > RNA > Protein > Trait
(Melanin)

3. Genes and Proteins Some proteins:
Muscle, skin, pigment, hair etc.
Enzymes
Help digest food
Control Cellular Respiration - (break down glucose)
Make spindle apparatus
Enzymes control all the chemical reactions of an organism.
By encoding the instructions for making proteins, DNA controls cells.

4. Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
(Human Insulin)
Genes and Proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
The sequence of nucleotides in each gene contains information for assembling the string of amino acids that make up a single protein.

5. RNA Differs from DNA: DNA double stranded: RNA single
DNA deoxyribose sugar; RNA ribose
DNA Thymine: RNA Uracil
Uracil
Hydrogen bonds
Adenine

6. Computer Analogy Building Analogy DNA = CD for Game
Protein Synthesis
Computer Analogy
DNA = CD for Game
RNA = Computer and Monitor
Protein = Game
Building Analogy
DNA = Printed Instructions
RNA = Workers
Protein = Product

7. Three Types of RNA:
Messenger RNA (mRNA), brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus (headquarters) to the cytoplasm (factory).
In the factory mRNA moves to the assembly line, a ribosome.

8. Three Types of RNA:
The ribosome (assembly line), made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Binds to the mRNA
Uses the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order.
Amino Acid
rRNA
mRNA

9. Three Types of RNA:
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the supplier. Delivers amino acids (raw materials) to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein.
Amino Acid
Ribosome
tRNA
mRNA

10. Translation: From mRNA to Protein
“A communication in a second language having the same meaning as the communication in a first language”
Converting a sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids.

11. Translation At ribosomes.
Attaches to mRNA like a clothespin clamped onto a clothesline.

12. Translation
Click image to view movie

13. Chain of RNA nucleotides
Translation
Amino acid
Amino acids brought to ribosomes by transfer RNA.
tRNA molecule attaches to only one type of amino acid.
Chain of RNA nucleotides
Transfer RNA molecule
Anticondon

14. Translation A ribosome attaches to start of mRNA.
tRNA, carrying a specific amino acid, approaches.
tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon.
Ribosome
mRNA codon

15. Translation First codon AUG codes methionine.
Signals “start”
Ribosome slides to next codon.
Methionine
tRNA anticodon

16. Translation
New tRNA carries an amino acid to pair with second mRNA codon.
Alanine

17. Translation Amino acids joined by peptide bond.
Continues for 50 to thousands of amino acids to make a protein.
Methionine
Alanine
Peptide bond

18. The Genetic Code The Messenger RNA Genetic Code Second Letter U C A G
First Letter
Third Letter
Second Letter U C A G U
Phenylalanine (UUU)
Serine (UCU)
Tyrosine (UAU)
Cysteine (UGU) U
Phenylalanine (UUC)
Serine (UCC)
Tyrosine (UAC)
Cysteine (UGC) C
Leucine (UUA)
Serine (UCA)
Stop (UAA)
Stop (UGA) A
Leucine (UUG)
Serine (UCG)
Stop (UAG)
Tryptophan (UGG) G C
Leucine (CUU)
Proline (CCU)
Histadine (CAU)
Arginine (CGU) U
Leucine (CUC)
Proline (CCC)
Histadine (CAC)
Arginine (CGC) C
Leucine (CUA)
Proline (CCA)
Glutamine (CAA)
Arginine (CGA) A
Leucine (CUG)
Proline (CCG)
Glutamine (CAG)
Arginine (CGG) G A
Isoleucine (AUU)
Threonine (ACU)
Asparagine (AAU)
Serine (AGU) U
Isoleucine (AUC)
Threonine (ACC)
Asparagine (AAC)
Serine (AGC) C
Isoleucine (AUA)
Threonine (ACA)
Lysine (AAA)
Arginine (AGA) A
Methionine;Start (AUG)
Threonine (ACG)
Lysine (AAG)
Arginine (AGG) G G
Valine (GUU)
Alanine (GCU)
Aspartate (GAU)
Glycine (GGU) U
Valine (GUC)
Alanine (GCC)
Aspartate (GAC)
Glycine (GGC)
Glycine (GGC) C
Valine (GUA)
Alanine (GCA)
Glutamate (GAA)
Glycine (GGA) A
Valine (GUG)
Alanine (GCG)
Glutamate (GAG)
Glycine (GGG) G

19. Translation
Click image to view movie

20. mRNA re-use mRNA can be used again, not “used up” after just one.
Can use the same plans to build many houses.

21. Codons DNA code is a series of 4 nucleotides, A, T, C and G.
Each three nucleotides in a row on a gene code for a certain amino acid in that part of the protein.
TGG-CGC-TAC
Thr-Ala-Met
Threonine, Alanine, Methionine

22. Summary Diagram