The History of Apartheid in S.Africa Apartheid: Apartness

Apartheid = “Separateness” The separation of races

Objectives Explain what apartheid was Explain why Europeans wanted S.Africa in the first place Identify what apartheid was like Identify how apartheid ended

Early History A Time Line 1806 – British seize Cape of Good Hope 1867 – Discovery of Gold 1886 – Discovery of Diamonds 1889 – 1902 – The Boer War (British and Dutch settlers) 1902 – The beginning of apartheid 1990’s – The end of apartheid The discovery of diamond and gold increased wealth of new settlers and increased immigration to the area. The discovery also intensified subjugation of native inhabitants. After the Boer War, the Union of South Africa was created and operated under a policy of apartheid.

South Africa Twice the size of Texas

Why? Europeans wanted S.African resources Especially diamonds

Apartheid Laws enacted in 1948, racial discrimination becomes institutionalized Race laws touch every aspect of social life “White only” laws-blacks had to carry passbooks

Apartheid- racial segregation and Citizenship The system of legal racial segregation was enforced by the National Party government in SA between 1948 and 1994 (46 yrs). The National Party legislation classified inhabitants into racial groups (‘black’, ‘white’, ‘coloured’ and ‘Indian’ In 1958 Blacks were deprived of their citizenship, legally becoming citizens of one of the ten tribally based self-governing homelands called bantustans. Needed a “passbook” when leaving one of the bantustans.

Homelands “Reservations” or “Bantustans” Established 9 African groups Each was to become a nation within its own homeland Africans had rights and freedoms Outside the homelands, treated as aliens Poor quality land with erosion Completely incapable of supporting large populations

“Jo’Burg” Today Johannesburg Suburb of Jo’Burg

Homelands Semi-independent areas occupied by blacks

The Pass Book Needed special permits to live outside of reservations, but not with family Lived in Townships (the city’s perimeter) Curfew regulations Passbook raids Failure to meet curfew or have passbook = subject to arrest

Apartheid-Public facilities and jobs medical care and other public services and provided black people with service inferior to those of Whites Practical separation of residential areas Separation of public institutions e.g. schools and hospitals. Separation of jobs, ”jobs for whites only” Separate use of facilities like toilets, chairs, bus stops, stair-cases etc. Black buses stopped at black bus stops and white buses at white ones. Trains, hospitals and ambulances were segregated Mzoli Mcanca

Various laws applied in the use of public facilities, like chairs, toilets, bus stops, stair-cases etc. By Mzoli Mncanca

Warnings By Mzoli Mncanca

Apartheid separated the whites from the non-whites

Apartheid No Rights for Non-whites No right to vote No ownership of land No right to move freely No right to free speech No right to protest the government

Apartheid- Marriages and business Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 55 of 1949, prohibiting marriages between white people and people of other races Blacks were not allowed to run a business in the areas that were meant for white South Africans.

Apartheid- Rights of women Colonialism and apartheid had an impact on women since they suffered both racial and gender discrimination. Women had few or no legal rights. No right to own property.

Apartheid Education Bantu Education Act (1953) gave the central government control over African education "Native education should be controlled . . . in accord with the policy of the state . . . If the native in South Africa today in any kind of school in existence is being taught to expect that he will live his adult life under a policy of equal rights, he is making a big mistake . . . There is no place for him in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor." -Hendrik Verwoerd, Prime Minister Mzoli Mcanca 25

Sharpsville Massacre March 21 *On this date in 1960, police in Sharpeville, near Johannesburg, fired on Black South Africans protesting racially biased pass laws. The protesters suffered 72 deaths and more than 200 injuries in two days of violence

Sharpville Massacres

Student Uprising: 1976 Black students were forced to learn in Afrikaans. Protests against Afrikaans started. More than 500 black students killed by white policemen. More than a thousand men, women and children wounded.

Nelson Mandela Arrested in 1962 for opposing the apartheid laws The African National Congress was a banned organization, he was a part of it In jail until 1990 Elected first black president in 1994

Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela peacefully fought to end apartheid. He served 27 years in prison for such “treason.” Thousands of other South African non-whites were imprisoned and executed for their resistance against apartheid.

Desmond Tutu Another leader against apartheid Religious leader

Tutu Quotations "When missionaries came to South Africa, we had the land, they had the Bible. Then they told us, 'Let's close our eyes and pray.' When we opened our eyes we saw that we have the Bible, they have the land." "If you are neutral in situations of injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor. If an elephant has its foot on the tail of a mouse and you say that you are neutral, the mouse will not appreciate your neutrality."

1985 Demonstration In 1985 an International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination was organized. The demonstration was held at Langa Township in Uitenhage. The day commemorates the anniversary of the March 21, 1960 massacre.

1994 Reservations abolished and territories reabsorbed into the nation of South Africa Apartheid caused major economic hardships on South Africa International sanctions Decreased labor force Cut investments from countries like U.S.A. First multiracial election Nelson Mandela elected president of South Africa (1994 – 1999)

To close… Explain what apartheid was Explain why Europeans wanted S.Africa in the first place Identify what apartheid was like Identify how apartheid ended