Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints. Suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Suture line Socket of alveolar process Fibula Tibia Root of tooth Dense fibrous connective tissue Ligament Periodontal ligament © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints. Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage Sternum (manubrium) Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage Body of vertebra Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc (sandwiched between hyaline cartilage) Pubic symphysis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint. Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrous layer Synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid) Articular capsule Periosteum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Rotation….Lateral or Medial Circumduction Supination….Pronation Joint Movements Flexion…..Extension Abduction….Adduction Rotation….Lateral or Medial Circumduction Supination….Pronation Dorsiflexion….Plantar Flexion Inversion….Eversion Elevation….Depression Opposition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.7a The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Plane joint Nonaxial movement Metacarpals Flat articular surfaces Gliding Carpals Examples: Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Uniaxial movement Hinge joint Humerus Medial/lateral axis Cylinder Figure 8.7b The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Hinge joint Uniaxial movement Humerus Medial/lateral axis Cylinder Trough Ulna Flexion and extension Examples: Elbow joints, interphalangeal joints © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Uniaxial movement Pivot joint Vertical axis Sleeve (bone and ligament) Figure 8.7c The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Pivot joint Uniaxial movement Vertical axis Sleeve (bone and ligament) Ulna Axle (rounded bone) Rotation Radius Examples: Proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.7d The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Condylar joint Biaxial movement Medial/ lateral axis Anterior/ posterior axis Phalanges Oval articular surfaces Metacarpals Flexion and extension Adduction and abduction Examples: Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Biaxial movement Saddle joint Medial/ Anterior/ lateral posterior axis Figure 8.7e The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Saddle joint Biaxial movement Medial/ lateral axis Anterior/ posterior axis Metacarpal Ι Articular surfaces are both concave and convex Adduction and abduction Flexion and extension Trapezium Example: Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.7f The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Ball-and-socket joint Multiaxial movement Cup (socket) Medial/lateral axis Anterior/posterior axis Vertical axis Scapula Spherical head (ball) Humerus Flexion and extension Adduction and abduction Rotation Examples: Shoulder joints and hip joints © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.12 The hip joint. Coxal (hip) bone Acetabular labrum Articular cartilage Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Acetabular labrum Synovial membrane Femur Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Head of femur Articular capsule (cut) Synovial cavity Articular capsule Frontal section through the right hip joint Photo of the interior of the hip joint, lateral view Iliofemoral ligament Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliofemoral ligament Ischium Ischiofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Greater trochanter of femur Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place Anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.8e–f The knee joint. Posterior cruciate ligament Fibular collateral ligament Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Medial femoral condyle Lateral condyle of femur Anterior cruciate ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle Medial meniscus Tibia Patellar ligament Fibula Patella Quadriceps tendon Patella Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps tendon cut and reflected distally) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing Figure 8.8b The knee joint. Anterior Anterior cruciate ligament Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.4b Bursae and tendon sheaths. Bursa rolls and lessens friction. Humerus head rolls medially as arm abducts. Humerus moving Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths. Acromion of scapula Subacromial bursa Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Fibrous layer of articular capsule Articular cartilage Tendon sheath Synovial membrane Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Fibrous layer Humerus Frontal section through the right shoulder joint © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.9 A common knee injury. Lateral Medial Patella (outline) Hockey puck Tibial collateral ligament (torn) Medial meniscus (torn) Anterior cruciate ligament (torn) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing Figure 8.8b The knee joint. Anterior Anterior cruciate ligament Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Photo of the interior of the hip joint, lateral view Figure 8.12b The hip joint. Acetabular labrum Synovial membrane Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Head of femur Articular capsule (cut) Photo of the interior of the hip joint, lateral view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.15 A hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.