1. Review

2. Sutures (Fibrous Joints)
These can be found connecting the plates of the skull.
As the plates fuse in the adult, the sutures are called synostoses and result in immovable joints.

3. Gomphotic Joints (Fibrous Joints)
These are a peg and socket joint. The only example is the articulation of the tooth and its socket.

4. Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Periosteum
Ligament
Fibrous
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Articular

5. Associated Structures
Other structures commonly associated with synovial joints include fat pads and articular discs of fibrocartilage.
They work like “ball bearings” and reduce friction where ligaments, tendons and muscles rub against each other.

6. Associated Structures
Tendon Sheaths
Bursae of the knee

7. Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.
Hinge joint (elbow joint) a c d e f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

9. The Knee
The menisci help prevent lateral motion and attach to the outer margins of the joint capsule on the tibia. They are easily torn.

10. The synovial cavity of the knee has a complicated shape and over one dozen associated bursae.
Some are easily injured such as the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa which lies just over the patella (house maid’s knee).

11. Two additional ligaments, the Fibular and Tibial Collateral Ligaments prevent lateral or medial rotation when the knee is extended.

12. Knee Injuries Common knee injuries involve the 3 C’s:
Collateral ligaments,
Cruciate ligaments and
Cartilage (menisci).

13. Angular movements
increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones. Movements include:
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction

14. Diseases of the joints
Besides trauma, inflammation from over use or repetitive motions are the most common diseases seen in the joints.

15. Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursal sac usually as the result of chronic irritation