Taxying The Flying Training Manual – Section 5 Add References

Objectives To use the aircraft controls to: Manoeuvre the aircraft on the ground at a speed appropriate for the conditions; Follow a selected path; and, Stop at a nominated point.

Speed Control Throttle Brakes Directional Control Control Positioning Considerations Speed Control Throttle Brakes Directional Control Control Positioning

Considerations Rudder Pedals Rudder pedals on most light aircraft have a dual purpose – to steer the nosewheel and braking.

Considerations Brakes Press ‘top’ of pedal’ to action Stop by closing throttle and gently pressing toe brakes evenly Differential braking Use of park brake

Considerations Speed Control Throttle controls speed – forward to increase power, back to decrease power Initial increase required to overcome inertia and start moving Reduce to setting that provides constant required speed

Considerations Speed Control Taxi at a fast walking pace Anticipate the need to slow down Wind affects speed on ground – tailwind faster Do not use throttle ‘against’ brake

Considerations Directional Control Nosewheel steering by rudder pedals – left pedal, aeroplane turns left and vice versa Tendency for the aeroplane to want to ‘weathercock’ Taxi looking at a point in the distance

Considerations Control Positioning Wind from the left, turn to the left & vice versa Dive away from the wind Control Positioning neutral

Power setting will vary based on taxi surface Considerations Surface Power setting will vary based on taxi surface Grass (long, short, wet, dry) Concrete, tar seal Gravel Slope Cross surface joins on an angle Be aware of prop clearance

Speed Control Throttle PA38

Speed Control Throttle C152 Increasing Power Decreasing Power

Speed Control Moving Off Initially more power is required to overcome inertia to start moving Reduce the power to the minimum setting that will provide the required constant speed Power required will vary based on the surface Taxi at fast walking pace – 5 to 10 km/h

Speed Control Surface Power setting will vary based on taxi surface Grass (long, short, wet, dry), Concrete, Tar Seal, Gravel Cross surface joins on an angle Prop Clearance!!!! Slope

Speed Control Brakes Press “Top” of the pedal to apply brakes. Apply even pressure to both pedals to maintain a straight line. Turning can be assisted with “Differential” braking. Park Brake – operation different on various aircraft types.

Speed Control Brakes C152 Park Brake Hold toe brakes and then pull knob Then release toe brakes To release - push toe brakes

Speed Control Brakes PA38 Park Brake Hold toe brakes, and pull lever Then push knob to engage To release – pull lever and release

Speed Control Slowing and Stopping Wind affects speed on the ground Tailwind = Faster Do not use throttle “against” brake Anticipate need to slow down Close the throttle and use the toe brakes to come to a stop.

the aeroplane turns right , Directional Control Nose wheel steering is achieved by using the rudder pedals: Push on the right pedal, the aeroplane turns right , and vice versa Look at a point in the distance Do not focus just ahead of the aeroplane Anticipate the need to turn

Directional Control

Wind from the left = turn to the left Control Positioning Consult the Aircraft Flight Manual. Wind will increase the lift on control surfaces. The aircraft tends to act as a weather vane (weathercocking). Wind from the left = turn to the left Deflect the control surfaces that will be affected by the wind, so that the wind cannot “pick up” the wing and/or tail.

Control Positioning

Airmanship - Right Of Way Rules The Onus is on You

Airmanship - Right Of Way Rules Landing vs Taxiing The landing aircraft has Right of Way The taxiing aircraft should Stop and Give Way

Airmanship - Right Of Way Rules Head On Each aircraft turns to the right

Airmanship - Right Of Way Rules Converging This aircraft has Right of Way Stop, or Pass behind

Airmanship - Right Of Way Rules Overtaking This aircraft has Right of Way Keep clear Position so of other the other aircraft pilot can see you

Airmanship - Aerodrome Charts (AIP New Zealand Vol 4)

Airmanship - Wind Windsocks

Airmanship - Radio Communication ABC Matamata Tower ABC, Information Z Current, Cross to Holding Point B Taxi to Holding Point A Hold Position Matamata Tower this is ABC ABC Request Taxi, ## Minutes, Area #, POB #, Information Z QNH #### Cross To Holding Point B, ABC Taxi To Holding Point A, ABC Holding, ABC

Aircraft Management Adjust seat position for full rudder deflection, your height and LOOKOUT Engine warm before moving off Brake check ASAP after first moving Carb heat ON only for checks or clearing ice Face into wind when stopped

Aircraft Management Taxi on the centreline Watch for wingtip clearance Remember – No reverse available Caution surface conditions Don’t use power verses brakes

Human Factors Clean windscreen and side windows Move head and body to avoid blind spots Information Processing Checklists Record ATIS and clearances Situational awareness – Mental 3D picture

Ground Exercise – Engine Starting Seat adjusted correctly Comfortable Warm the engine before applying power to overcome inertia Check the wind LOOKOUT Ahead and wingtips

Ground Exercise – Moving Off LOOKOUT Close the throttle Release the park brake Apply sufficient power to overcome inertia Reduce the power Test the brakes

Ground Exercise – Brake Test ASAP after moving off Even pressure No need to come to a complete stop Test Student’s and Instructor’s brakes

Ground Exercise – Speed & Direction Anticipate the power required Maintain safe taxi speed – fast walking pace Maintain the centreline – Look well ahead Avoid using power against brake

Ground Exercise – Turning LOOKOUT Anticipate turning the aircraft Use rudder pedals to turn – heels on the floor and toes on the pedals Use differential braking and power for tight turns

Ground Exercise – Wind Be aware of the relative wind direction and move the controls accordingly

Ground Exercise – Stopping Anticipate the nominated stopping position Close the throttle Evenly apply the toe brakes When stopped – set the park brake Set the power at the nominated RPM

Ground Exercise – Considerations Shadows can be used to judge wingtip clearance – use your peripheral vision Slipstream, jet blast, rotor wash!!!!! Other aircraft? Your aircraft? Check instruments – particularly in turns

Brake Failure Close throttle, and Steer away from obstacles If collision is imminent – FMIM Fuel OFF, Mixture OFF, Ignition OFF, and Master OFF

Steering Failure Close throttle, and STOP Shutdown If collision is imminent – FMIM