Climate and Weather ISCI 2001
Climate and Weather
Climate Zones
The Earths Atmospheres Mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) Troposphere Temperature -50 to 40 Celsius Stratosphere Ozone layer (O 3 ) UV light
Greenhouse Effect Terrestrial radiation trapped by greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Effect – Greenhouse Gases (1). Carbon dioxide – Fossil fuels; deforestation; organic decay; forest fires (2). Ozone – Sunlight chemically reacts with O 2 (natural) – Photochemical smog production (3). Methane – Wetlands; biomass burning; termites; organic decay (4). Chlorofluorocarbons – Refrigerants; aerosol spray propellants; cleaning solvents (5). Nitrous Oxide – Fertilizers; burning of fossil fuels; forests; grasslands
Importance of Ozone Absorbs UV radiation Formed in the stratosphere Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Ozone Holes
GH Effect Importance Naturally warms the surface of the Earth Keeps the average temperature of the Earth normal (sustain life) -18 C otherwise Global Warming Increased GH effect, GH gases
Atmospheric Pressure Density of air decreases with altitude thinning of air Sea Level 1cubic meter Mass 1.2 kg (at 10 km 0.4 kg) kPa or 1 atmosphere of pressure Barometer
Atmospheric Pressure
How Winds are produced Air that flows from high to low pressure areas Uneven heat of the Earths surface Warm air is lower density and low air pressure Cool air higher density and higher air pressure Isobars Produces a convection current Local winds Small scale changes in convection cells and pressure gradients Global wind patterns – prevailing winds
Winds – Convection Cells
Prevailing Winds – Hadley Cells
Coriolis Effect Earth Rotation effects global wind patterns Objects deviate from straight-line path including winds – deflected Deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the Left in the Southern Hemisphere Jet Streams
Cloud Formation and Precipitation Aggregates of water droplets formed by rising air that expands and cools Cumulus, stratus or cirrus
Cloud Classification
Cirrocumulus Cirrostratus Altocumulus Cumulonimbus
Air Masses and Fronts Air Mass Arctic, polar, tropical Weather Fronts Warm vs Cold Fronts Stationary Animation
Fronts
Formation of Cyclones Hurricanes Tornados
Solar Radiation, Tilting of the Earth and the Seasons