1. Atmosphere

2. Composition of the Earth’s Atmosphere The is a mixture of gases with some suspended solids and liquids. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases with some suspended solids and liquids. is the most common gas at 78% of the atmosphere. Nitrogen is the most common gas at 78% of the atmosphere. is the next most common gas at 21% Oxygen is the next most common gas at 21%

3. Composition of the Atmosphere

4. Earth’s Atmosphere of other gases are found that total only water vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Neon, Methane,Ozone, Hydrogen, Helium Trace amounts of other gases are found that total only 1 %: water vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Neon, Methane,Ozone, Hydrogen, Helium

5. Other Planets’ Atmospheres

6. Earth’s Atmosphere Brown Smog is made from nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. (L.A. type) Brown Smog is made from nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. (L.A. type) is from burning coal or oil and contains sulfur oxides. Gray Smog is from burning coal or oil and contains sulfur oxides. is a pollutant when it is near the ground. It is in most smogs. Ozone is a pollutant when it is near the ground. It is in most smogs.

7. Structure of the Atmosphere There are five main layers in the atmosphere. There are five main layers in the atmosphere. The lowest layer is the. The lowest layer is the Troposphere. The Stratosphere and Mesosphere are the next highest layers. The Thermosphere and then the Exosphere are the highest layers.

8. Layers of the Atmosphere

9. A. The Troposphere: A. The Troposphere: 1.Close to the ground 1.Close to the ground 2. Contains 75% of the Earth’s gases. 2. Contains 75% of the Earth’s gases. 3. Weather, clouds and smog occur at this level. 3. Weather, clouds and smog occur at this level. It ends at 10 Km above sea level. It ends at 10 Km above sea level.

10. Layers of the Atmosphere

12. Layers Of the Atmosphere B. The Stratosphere B. The Stratosphere The ozone layer is within the stratosphere. It is a thin layer of O 3 which absorbs UV radiation. The ozone layer is within the stratosphere. It is a thin layer of O 3 which absorbs UV radiation. C. The Mesosphere is the middle layer. C. The Mesosphere is the middle layer. D. The Thermosphere D. The Thermosphere contains the ionosphere. The ionosphere is a layer of electrically charged particles. Radio waves bounce off of it. E. The Exosphere E. The Exosphere is the highest level before space.

13. Atmospheric Pressure Gases in the atmosphere have mass and weight. Gravity pulls on the molecules and causes pressure. Gases in the atmosphere have mass and weight. Gravity pulls on the molecules and causes pressure. Pressure is force exerted on an area. Pressure is force exerted on an area. P= F/A P= F/A At sea level there are more molecules of air above an area, so there is more pressure. At sea level there are more molecules of air above an area, so there is more pressure.

14. Units for Pressure The S.I. Unit for pressure is Atmospheres (Atm) The S.I. Unit for pressure is Atmospheres (Atm) The old unit used on T.V. is inches Hg The old unit used on T.V. is inches Hg ( Which is mercury) A metric unit is mm Hg ( millimeters) A metric unit is mm Hg ( millimeters) Another unit used is millibars (mb) Another unit used is millibars (mb)

15. Temperature in the Atmosphere NAMEHeight(Km)Temperature(Celcius) Exosphere 500 Km 600-1000 Thermosphere 200 - 500 0-600 Mesosphere 50 -150 -5 to 0 Stratosphere 10 - 50 -60 to -5 Troposphere 0 – 10 -60 to 50

16. The Ozone Layer 20 Km above sea level 20 Km above sea level Ozone is 3 atoms of oxygen. Ozone is 3 atoms of oxygen. Located in the Stratosphere. Located in the Stratosphere. Ozone absorbs UV radiation from the sun. Ozone absorbs UV radiation from the sun. ODP’s = Ozone Depleting Gases ODP’s = Ozone Depleting Gases CFC’s are ODP’s… Chlorofluorocarbons CFC’s are ODP’s… Chlorofluorocarbons CFC’s break the ozone down to oxygen molecules CFC’s break the ozone down to oxygen molecules

17. Energy from the Sun Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. EM waves Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. EM waves 30% of the radiation from the sun is reflected off of the Earth. 30% of the radiation from the sun is reflected off of the Earth. 50% of the radiation is absorbed by Earth’s surface. 50% of the radiation is absorbed by Earth’s surface. Clouds and the atmosphere absorb 20 %. Clouds and the atmosphere absorb 20 %.

18. Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Conduction – the transfer of energy when molecules bump into one another. Conduction – the transfer of energy when molecules bump into one another. Air near the heated surface of the Earth is heated by conduction. Air near the heated surface of the Earth is heated by conduction.

19. Energy Transfer… Convection - Convection - the transfer of heat by the flow of materials. convection current Heated air is less dense and rises, cold air sinks. This flow of air is called a convection current.

20. The Water Cycle The Hydrosphere = All of the water on the Earth’s surface. The Hydrosphere = All of the water on the Earth’s surface. 97% of water is salt water, only 3% is fresh. 97% of water is salt water, only 3% is fresh. 67% of the fresh water is frozen at the polar ice-caps, which are 2 miles thick in some places. 67% of the fresh water is frozen at the polar ice-caps, which are 2 miles thick in some places.

21. The Water Cycle

22. The Water Cycle Water evaporates and becomes a gas. Water evaporates and becomes a gas. The evaporated water rises in the atmosphere. The evaporated water rises in the atmosphere. As the water rises, it cools. As the water rises, it cools. As the gaseous water cool, it condenses to form a liquid…clouds. As the gaseous water cool, it condenses to form a liquid…clouds. Precipitation is next; the water falls as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Precipitation is next; the water falls as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

23. Water Cycle Water is recycled constantly. Water is recycled constantly. Water is purified through the water cycle. Water is purified through the water cycle.

24. Movement of Air Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. Areas of temperature difference create areas of pressure difference. Areas of temperature difference create areas of pressure difference. Wind is the movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Wind is the movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

25. Movement of Air The Coriolis Effect = the rotation of the Earth shifts the wind to the right and north. The Coriolis Effect = the rotation of the Earth shifts the wind to the right and north. The Jet streams = high altitude, strong winds. The flow west to east in the U.S. The Jet streams = high altitude, strong winds. The flow west to east in the U.S. The Jet stream has a major effect on weather. The Jet stream has a major effect on weather.

26. Movement of Air

27. Movement of Air Sea Breezes – created during the day because solar radiation warms the land more than the water. It comes in from the sea. Sea Breezes – created during the day because solar radiation warms the land more than the water. It comes in from the sea.

28. Movement of Air Land Breezes – created at night, cold air over the land forces up the warmer air over the sea. The wind goes out to sea. Land Breezes – created at night, cold air over the land forces up the warmer air over the sea. The wind goes out to sea. Monsoon winds are seasonal winds that occur in tropical areas. ( This creates a wet, very rainy season.) Monsoon winds are seasonal winds that occur in tropical areas. ( This creates a wet, very rainy season.)

29. Tools of Meteorology Anemometer Anemometer Barometer Barometer Psychrometer Psychrometer Rain Gauge Rain Gauge UV Meter UV Meter Weather Satellite Weather Satellite Weather Balloon Weather Balloon