1. Weather in Troposphere SHORT TERM PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE CONDITIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE REGENTS EARTH SCIENCE WITH MS. CONNERY

2. Weather and climate result from temperature, pressure, and moisture in Earth’s atmosphere

3. INSOLATION INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION The external energy source that drives Earth’s weather and climate is…

4. RADIATION is energy transfer by waves

5. CONDUCTION – energy transfer by direct molecule to molecule interaction (contact). Conductors (metals) do this well but insulators (air) don’t!

6. CONVECTION - Energy transfer by density circulation. MOST IMPORTANT in WEATHER and CLIMATE Less dense floats up and takes energy with it More dense sinks down and heats up again

7. To understand weather & climate you need to know relations among:  temperature (kinetic energy of air molecules)  pressure (force related to air’s composition and density)  moisture (humidity in the atmosphere) And their role in the water cycle locally and around the globe!

8. WATER CYCLE WATER CYCLE results from convection in the atmosphere infiltration

9. Long-term latitude based convection of water cycle cause climate zones on Earth

10. Equator http://www.cid.harvard.edu/ciddata/geog/GISfiles/kgzones_lrg.jpg

11. Warm and cold currents in ocean circulation occur because of convection and effect climate

12. PHASE CHANGE REVIEW! GAS

13. PHASE CHANGE REVIEW! GAS

14. Temperature = average kinetic energy of the molecules

15. The range in air pressure typically found on Earth is ~ 960-1040 mb Pressure = force exerted by the molecules over an area. Related to density and composition of air.

16. Weather and climate result from temperature, pressure, and moisture in Earth’s atmosphere

17. Relation between altitude, air pressure, density, and gravity

18. Humidity measures moisture in the air.

19. What’s in the atmosphere? (ESRT p1)? “Other” Water vapor Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide

20. Water (H 2 O) as vapor is less dense than nitrogen gas (N 2 ) or oxygen gas (O 2 ) so moist air masses rise in atmosphere

21. Humidity (moisture) changes the density and pressure of an air mass. What is the density relationship between moist air and dry air? Which one creates higher pressure if it is more dense?

22. What’s in the atmosphere? (ESRT p1)? Stratosphere has ozone layer that protects us from harmful UV and other short wavelength radiation

23. What are greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect? “Other” are greenhouse gases Water vapor Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Greenhouse effect is a general long term warming of the planet due to heat trapping in the atmosphere

24. Stratosphere has ozone layer that protects us from harmful UV and other short wavelength radiation

25. What’s the first thing you think of when someone says weather around here?

32. Cirrus = wispy ice clouds

33. Cumulus = fluffy clouds

34. stratus clouds = extensive layers

35. NIMBUS CLOUDS = PRECIPITATION OCCURRING

36. Cirro = high clouds (>6 km high)

37. Cirrocumulus

38. Cirrostratus

39. Altocumulus (ALTO = mid level of about 3-6 km high)

40. Altocumulus

41. Altostratus

42. LOW CLOUDS <3 km HAVE NO PREFIX

43. Cumulus

44. Fog

46. Cumulonimbus = unstable storm clouds

47. Contrails = ice from plane exhaust

48. MAJOR CLOUD TYPESCLOUD HEIGHT PREFIXES CIRRUS CUMULUS STRATUS NIMBUS CIRRO- ALTO- NO PREFIX CLOUD OBSERVATIONS CLOUD OBSERVATIONS Why are clouds named this way?

49. Real World - Why does the size of an air mass change as it rises?

50. Clouds form when water vapor (gas) in air condenses to liquid. Clouds form when the air mass cools to the dew point temp!

51. How do we measure moisture in the air? Sling psychrometer a tool to measure the relative humidity & dew point temperature of the air

54. Dew Point and Relative Humidity 1 classroom 2 - outside345 Dry Bulb Temp ( o C) o C oC oC 20 o C4oC4oC28 o C Wet Bulb Temp ( o C) oC oC oC oC 12 o C-1 o C19 o C Wet-bulb Depression ( o C) Dew Point Temp ( o C) Relative Humidity (%)

55. SLING PSYCHROMETER tool that measures atmospheric moisture (humidity) & dew point temp Dry bulb  measures air temperature Wet bulb  some wet cotton on a thermometer that measure temperature after evaporation occurs What happens to the temps when you swing it? Why?

56. Steps to determine relative humidity and/or dew point temp 1.Wet the cotton on the wet bulb 2.Sling the psychrometer until the values stabilize over two readings 3.Record the air temperature (dry bulb) 4.Record the wet bulb temp 5.Subtract (dry – wet temp) to find the wet bulb depression 6.Use the proper ESRT tables to find dew point temp and relative humidity

57. Evaporation cools the air because the wet bulb temperature got lower when the water evaporated from the wet cloth

58. condensation heats up the air because the energy is released from the water vapor molecule into the air as the water molecule cools from gas to a liquid.

59. Reaching the dew point temp at higher altitudes shows energy transfer by convection – the water cycle!

60. CONVECTION in a room

61. There would be no weather without convection

62. INSOLATION INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION The external energy source that drives Earth’s weather and climate is…

63. What can happen to light energy (insolation) from the sun? 1.Absorbed – molecular capture of light energy from the sun 2.Reflected – light energy bounces off 3.Reradiated – absorbed light energy is converted from light  heat and returned back to atmosphere in its new form of infrared

65. Reference Table page 14 LIGHT FROM SUN! HEAT (INFRARED) RERADIATED BACK TO ATMOSPHERE and SPACE

66. Uneven heating and cooling of earth’s surface drives convection!

67. Ways air masses lift to get convection started - air masses have characteristics based on where they form at Earth’s surface - air masses get forced up at fronts - air masses get forced over mountains

69. Air masses take on the temperature and moisture characteristics of the places where they form  at high or low latitudes (temp)  over land or sea (moisture)

70. We already know that the angle of insolation affects temperature daily, seasonally, and at each latitude) seasonally, and at each latitude

71. FrontFronts are the leading edge of air masses. Front Fronts are where air is forced over another air mass and cools as the it rises up in altitude. Fronts are where air is forced over another air mass and cools as the it rises up in altitude. That’s why there’s usually precipitation at fronts! That’s why there’s usually precipitation at fronts!

72. Symbols used to show fronts on weather maps

73. Fronts are boundaries of air masses with different temperature and moisture conditions

74. A cold front A cold front advance is fast and furious – Think instability & BIG STORMS like thunderstorms and supercells with Tornadoes Tornadoes A cold front Tornadoes

75. Warm front moves over cold front

76. Occluded fronts : warm air mass squished between cold air masses

77. Occluded front

78. Remember – the prevailing wind direction drives the air mass forward Remember – the prevailing wind direction drives the air mass forward The new air mass controls conditions once it arrives The new air mass controls conditions once it arrives Temperatures change to whatever that air mass characteristics are Temperatures change to whatever that air mass characteristics are Clearer skies likely when high pressure Clearer skies likely when high pressure Generally less wind when high pressure Generally less wind when high pressure What happens after a front passes through an area?

79. In this lab you will use temp, winds, & air pressure to find the front boundaries and predict weather.

80. Break the Pressure code

82. Mid latitude cyclone: counter-clockwise

83. Prevailing winds move storms along a typical path

84. Why do the radial storm arms rotate around the low pressure system in a cyclone pattern (counter-clockwise) in the northern hemisphere? Coriolis Effect (curves because of Earth’s rotation) Coriolis Effect (curves because of Earth’s rotation) Coriolis Effect curves Coriolis Effect curves It’s same reason that the prevailing winds curve to the right in northern hemisphere, too! It’s same reason that the prevailing winds curve to the right in northern hemisphere, too!

85. Coriolis Effect

86. LAB 26 – CLIMATE How the oceans, atmosphere, and land respond to sun’s energy and moisture is what drives our weather & climate patterns on earth. energy and moistureenergy and moisture

87. Equator http://www.cid.harvard.edu/ciddata/geog/GISfiles/kgzones_lrg.jpg

88. Latitude based convection affects climate

89. Prevailing wind direction affects climate

90. Warm and cold currents ( ocean circulation) affect climate

91. Mountains affect climate because they force air up and down Forcing it over a mountain!

92. PROPERTIES of MATERIALS on EARTH affect climate because they handle energy in different ways

93. SPECIFIC HEAT is the property of a material that determines its ability to absorb and reradiate energy LAND and SEA are a good place to start

95. SPECIFIC HEAT Energy needed to raise temp of 1g of mass by 1 o C Land or sea? Which changed temp rapidly? Land or sea? Which changed temp rapidly? It took less energy for the land to change temperature. It took less energy for the land to change temperature. Land is a good absorber and reradiator of energy. It does not store energy well. Land is a good absorber and reradiator of energy. It does not store energy well. That’s what low specific heat means. That’s what low specific heat means.

96. SPECIFIC HEAT Energy needed to raise temp of 1g of mass by 1 o C Sea changed temp slowly. Sea changed temp slowly. It took more energy for the sea to change temperature. It took more energy for the sea to change temperature. Water is a poor absorber and reradiator of energy. It stores energy well. Water is a poor absorber and reradiator of energy. It stores energy well. That’s what high specific heat means. That’s what high specific heat means.

98. What does this material difference in rate of heating and cooling cause? cause

99. What happens at the beach during the day when the land absorbs energy faster than the water?

101. What happens at the beach at night when the land reradiates heat faster than the water?

103. LAB 26 – CLIMATE How the oceans, atmosphere, and land respond to sun’s energy and moisture is what drives our weather & climate patterns on earth. energy and moistureenergy and moisture