Key Topics and Art Periods for this chapter include: The Modern World: 1800-1945 Key Topics and Art Periods for this chapter include: Neoclassicism and Romanticism Realism Impressionism Post-Impressionism

The Modern World: 1800-1945 Driven by technological progress and rapid changes, the 19th century spawned our industrialized modern middle-class culture of mass production, mass advertising, mass consumption, and mass leisure activities such as shopping, entertainment, and visiting art museums. Art museums were developed in the 19th century.

Neoclassicism Neoclassical style evolved during Napoleon’s empire and continued on after he fell from power. It was felt that great art could only be made from great subject matter like history and the Bible. Neoclassicism is characterized by clear contours, clean colors, and precise draftsmanship. The foremost Neoclassical painters were David and Ingres.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Jupiter and Thetis Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Jupiter and Thetis. 1811, oil on canvas, 10’8 5/8” x 8’6 5/16”

Romanticism The Romantic artists rebelled against the ”Age of Reason” instead urging the use of emotion, intuition, individual experience, and imagination within artwork. These artists glorified landscapes, picturesque ruins, the struggle for liberty, and exotic cultures. The work of the artists Delacroix and Goya characterize Romanticism.

Eugène Delacroix, The Women of Algiers, 1834. Oil on canvas,

Realism Realism was a reaction against both Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Artists sought to depict the everyday and the ordinary for their subjects. Artists were trying to make the point that everyday activities were fit subjects for grand- scale art. Courbet was a leading Realist painter.

Gustave Courbet, A Burial at Ornans,1849-50, oil on canvas, 16”10 ¾” x 21’ 11”

Manet and Impressionism In 19th-century France the mark of an artist’s success was acceptance into the annual juried Salon. In 1863, the jury rejected almost 3000 submitted works. This caused the rejected artists and their supporters to mount a second official exhibition called the “Salon des Refusés”. A leader of the Impressionist movement was Manet. His painting, Luncheon of the Grass, is a touchstone for modern art.

Edouard Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe,1863, oil on canvas, 7' x 8' 10"

Claude Monet, Autumn Effect at Argenteuil, 1873, oil on canvas, 21’5/8” x 29’ 3/8”

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876, oil on canvas, 4’ 3 ½” x 5’ 9”

Berthe Morisot, Summer’s Day, 1879, oil on canvas, 18” x 29 ¼”

Impressionism Impressionism aimed to capture an “impression”; artists did not want to portray a literal landscape but the sensation of a landscape. The new availability of portable tubed oil colors allowed artists to paint outdoors. Many Impressionists concentrated on light and its transitory nature. Monet, Degas, Renoir, and Morisot are other well-known Impressionist artists.