Macromolecules Biochemical Compounds copyright cmassengale

Look at the label. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found are (write the 3): FAT 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) Carbohydrates (13 grams in this product) Protein (9 grams in this product)

copyright cmassengale Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale

What do these words mean? MONOMER POLYMER Micro MACRO

copyright cmassengale ‘mono’ means ONE ‘poly’ means MANY ‘micro’ means SMALL ‘macro’ means BIG copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). Usually with C, H, O or N. Example: CH4(methane) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS. Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose glucose copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS WHAT DO THEY DO? They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of plant carbohydrate is called Cellulose. THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

copyright cmassengale Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = saturated O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = unsaturated copyright cmassengale

They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. WHAT DO THEY DO? They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes! THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

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Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Regulatory: hormones 4. Movement: muscles 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: cellular reactions copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) copyright cmassengale

They make up antibodies in the immune system WHAT DO THEY DO? They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions They makeup non-steriod hormones

All proteins polymers are made of the monomer… MADE UP OF... All proteins polymers are made of the monomer… AMINO ACID

copyright cmassengale Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. CONTROLS your genetic make up. It’s inherited. copyright cmassengale

The shape of a nucleic acid is: DNA is a double helix RNA is a single strand

copyright cmassengale Nucleic acids Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale

Nucleic acids are made up of monomers called Nucleotide Chains Which are nitrogen bases…something we will learn more about when we study DNA

NUCLEIC ACIDS