(more than you wanted to know  ) Viruses & Bacteria (more than you wanted to know  )

What are Viruses? A virus is a non-cellular, non-living particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.

Ex. T4 Bacteriophage

Ex. Herpes Virus

The Structure Of a Virus Viruses are composed of a core of nucleic acid The Nucleic acid core is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid The Nucleic core is either made up of DNA or RNA but never both

Reproduction of Viruses Lytic and Lysogenic

Prokaryotes Cells that do not have a nucleus Exist almost everywhere on Earth Grow in numbers so great you can see them with the unaided eye Are placed in either the Eubacteria or the Archeabacteria Kingdoms Make up the smaller of the two kingdoms

Bacteria Cell

Escherichia Coli Bacterium E. coli is a bacterium. That is a crude cell, it is not a virus because viruses are protein containers with DNA cores or RNA cores.

Archaebacteria Lack important carbohydrate found in cell walls Have different lipids in their cell membrane Different types of ribosomes with very different gene sequences Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments.

Ex. Cyanobacteria Bluish-green photosynthetic bacterium Contain membranes that carry out photosynthesis Do not contain the same type of chloroplasts as plants do This bluish-greenish algae can be found nearly everywhere on earth. Can survive in extremely hot environments and even extremely cold environment

Eubacteria Make up the larger of the two prokaryote kingdoms Generally are surrounded by a cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates

Identifying Prokaryotes Cell Shape Cell Wall Movement

Bacterium Shapes Cocci~ Sphere shaped Bacillus~ Rod shaped Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped

Movement Flagella ~ Tail-like structure the whips around to propel the bacterium Cillia ~ hair-like structures that surround the cell & help it to “swim”

Different types of Flagella

Cilia

Bacteria and their energy Autotrophs Chemotrophs Heterotrophs

Autotrophs Make their own energy Using Solar energy Ex. Cyanobacteria

Chemotrophs Make own Energy Using Chemical energy Ex. Archaebacteria

Obtain food by eating other organisms Heterotrophs Obtain food by eating other organisms Ex. E-coli

Bacteria Reproduction Binary Fission Conjugation Spore Formation

Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

Conjugation A type of Bacteria “Sex” Two organism swap genetic information, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin

Spore Formation: Endospore A type of dormant cell … primitive egg cell Exhibit no signs of life Highly resistant to environmental stresses

Immune System Antigens – foreign protein (bacteria, virus, fungus, transplanted organ) Antibodies – proteins your body makes to defend itself against antigens

Cells of the Immune System B cells “memory cells” Make antibodies They “remember” the pathogen and know how to attack it a second time T cells- “killer T” Help B cells make antibodies Kill infected cells

Types of Immunity Active… your body had to work to make antibodies. Your body makes the antibodies Ex: having the disease or being exposed to it Passive… you did not have to work to fight off the infection. You get the antibodies from another source Ex: from mother thru the placenta or mothers milk, from a shot (rabies shot)

Body’s defense mechanisms. 1st line of defense is … Mucus, sweat and tears… the body tries to FLUSH it out… 2nd line….. Fever 3rd line… full blown immune response.. White blood cells increase etc.

Vaccines Given a shot of dead or weakened pathogens Your body makes antibodies in response to the antigens You are left with memory cells

Reproduction of Viruses Lytic and Lysogenic

Lysogenic vs. Lytic Viruses Lysogenic do NOT cause the host cell to burst…and die. Lytic viruses cause the host cell to BURST die Viruses can vary greatly in size and structure. Antibiotics are useful on BACTERIAL diseases only because they interfere with processes that viruses do not preform.

Diseases…. Bacterial-E. coli food poisioning ,strep throat, tuberculosis Protist diseases… sporozoan.. Parasitic… Malaria through mosquitoes Viral diseases--- Herpes, HIV, Influenza

THE END