1. Bacteria

2. Eubacteria/Archaebacteria
Live almost everywhere
Surrounded by a cell wall
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria
Lack peptidoglycan
DNA is similar to eukaryotes

3. Prokaryotes
Identified by shape, chemical nature of cell walls, way they move, and way the obtain energy
Shapes: Bacilli = rod shaped, Cocci = spherical, Spirilla = spiral
Movement: Propelled by flagella

4. Metabolisms Heterotrophs: Autotrophs:
Chemoheterotrophs: get energy from organic molecules
Photoheterotrophs: get energy from light
Autotrophs:
Photoautotrophs: Use light energy
Chemoautotrophs: Organic molecules from CO2

5. Growth/reproduction Binary fission : cell splits into two cells
Conjugation: Exchange of genetic information across cells
Spores: makes bacteria inactive and well- protected

6. Importance Vital to maintaining the world Decomposers Nitrogen fixers
Recycle nutrients
Nitrogen fixers
Make NH3 for plants to use

7. Web resources http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rp7T4IItbt M
J14

8. Viruses Particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases, lipids
Can ONLY reproduce by infecting other living cells
Composed of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
Viruses protein coat: capsid
Cell specific- binds to specific proteins on the outsides of cells
Bacteriophage-virus that can infect bacteria

9. Lytic Infection Bacteriophage injects DNA into bacterium
Bacteriophage DNA forms a circle
Causes synthesis of new bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids by taking over bacterium’s metabolism
Newly created proteins and nucleic acids assemble into complete bacteriophage particles
Bacteriophages break the cell wall and go to attack other cells

10. Lysogenic Infection-dormant
Bacteriophage injects DNA into bacterium
Bacteriophage DNA forms a circle
Bacteriophage DNA inserts itself into the bacterial chromosome
DNA replicates possibly for many generations
Bacteriophage DNA exits bacterial chromosome and enters lytic cycle
Lytic cycle

12. Other Facts
Retrovirus: Only contain RNA as their genetic information-must produce a DNA copy of its RNA when infects a cell (Dormant for long periods of time)
Viruses considered parasites for they live off of other cells to grow and reproduce
NOT considered alive for they can’t survive independently
Produce diseases by disrupting body’s equilibrium

13. Immune Response

14. How a pathogen enters and what happens next…
A pathogen or foreign substance can penetrate into the body by entering through: cuts or gashes in the skin, mouth/nose (inhaling), and other open areas throughout external view of the body.
Once a pathogen or foreign substance enters the body, an immediate process takes place called the immune response.

15. Types of immune responses
The two types of immunity are:
Humoral immunity- where the body fights against a familiar pathogen that has been in the body before.
Cell-mediated immunity- where the body reacts to abnormal pathogens or substances.

16. Order of defenses
T-cells attach to the antigen exposed using its antibodies,
and releases a chemical called cytokines, which
retrieves other B-cells and T-cells.
The inflammatory response occurs in which capillaries
expand allowing lymphocytes to pass through from the
bloodstream and get to the infected site
The first line of the nonspecific defense is the skin,
not allowing substances to enter the body.
Lymphocytes ingest the pathogen, revealing its antigen
on the phagocyte’s surface

17. Killer T-cells inject cytotoxins into the
infected cells, killing them. in the end,
suppressor T-cells come around and
demolish all the killer T-cells so that
they don’t kill too many cells or
healthy cells.
Helper T-cells activate Killer T-cells and B-cells
Entering B-cells attach onto the antigen of the pathogen and , some, turn into plasma cells that make antibodies against that specific pathogen. Other B-cells continue to ingest the pathogens, displaying the antigen on a MHCII molecules, for phagocytes to come and eat them.

18. 1.) Which of these about Eubacteria is false? a) live nearly everwhere
b.) Surrounded by a cell wall
c.) Cell walls lack peptidoglycan
d.) Cell wall contains peptidoglycan
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19. 2.) Which of these is not a known shape of bacteria?
a.) bacilli
b.) cocci
c.) triangular
d.) spirilla
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20. 3.) Which of these get energy from light? a.) Chemoheterotrophs
b.) Photoheterotrophs
c.) Photoautotrophs
d.) Chemoautotrophs
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21. 4.) What is the result of Binary fission?
a.) cell splits into two cells
b.) two cells join together
c.) cells explode
d.) cells form endospores
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22. 5.) What is the main function of decomposers? a.) to soak up nutrients
b.) to destroy nutrients
c.) to recycle nutrients
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23. 6.) What is the only way viruses can reproduce?
a.) asexually
b.) by infecting other cells
c.) sexually
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24. 7.) What is not a particle of a virus? a.) nucleic acid b.) cell wall
c.) proteins
d.) lipids
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25. 8.) How do viruses infect a cell?
a.) they can pass through easily w/out any problems
b.) create a hole in the cell membrane
c.) through cell specific receptors
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26. 9.) Which infection cycle involves possibly becoming dormant in the cell for a period of time?
a.) lytic
b.) lysogenic
c.) lactic
d.) lactose
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27. 10.) In the lysogenic cycle what does bacteriophage not do?
a.) injects its DNA into the bacteria
b.) its DNA inserts itself into the bacteria chromosome
c.) it attaches to a receptor so the cell consumes it
d.) its DNA forms a circle
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28. 11.) which is false about viruses? a.) they are not considered alive
b.) they are considered parasites
c.) they are considered alive
d.) they survive off other cells
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29. 12.) viruses produce diseases by disrupting the body’s _____
a.) organs
b.) structure
c.) equilibrium
d.) skin
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30. 13.) which is some place where foreign substances can not enter the body?
a.) toe nails
b.) cuts
c.) mouth/nose
d.) openings in the skin
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31. 14.) what response takes place after a foreign substance enters the body?
a.) respiratory
b.) immune
c.) hormonal
d.) equilibrium
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32. 15.) which is not a type of immunity? a.) cell mediated b.) humoral
c.) response
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33. 16.) T-cells attach to a.) antigens b.) antibodies c.) antrogens
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34. 17.) what is the first line of non-specific defense?
a.) T-cells
b.) skin
c.) blood
d.) B-cells
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35. 18.) what ingest the pathogens? a.) T-cells b.) B-cells c.) antigens
d.) lymphocytes
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36. 19.) T-cells inject what into the infected cells? a.) cytotoxins
b.) toxic chemicals
c.) antigens
d.) antibodies
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37. 20.) what activates T-cells and B-cells? a.) killer t-cells
b.) helper t-cells
c.) b-cells
d.) plasma cells
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38. Answer key:
1. c
2. c
3. b
4. a
5. c
6. b
7. b
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39. Answer key:
8. c
9. b
10. c
11. c
12. c
13. a
14. b
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40. Answer key:
15. c
16. a
17. b
18. d
19. a
20. b
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