2. Porifera - Sponges The simplest of the animal kingdom…
the only phyla to have asymmetry.
Porifera - Sponges

3. Talk it over…
Name one other example of spherical, radial, and bilateral symmetry, and one example of asymmetry (they don’t have to be a living thing). Draw a picture on your vocab sheet.

4. Viruses

5. What is EBOLA?

6. VIRUSES: not in the six kingdoms!
VIRUSES: not in the six kingdoms!
Are they living or non-living?
Contain genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Lack organelles
Cannot reproduce unless inside a host cell.
The word virus comes from the Greek word for POISON
Cause many diseases.

7. More About Viruses  Much smaller than bacterial cells.
Scientists have only recently, last 60 years, learned anything about viruses.
Classified according to the types of cells they attack.

8. Talk it over:
What diseases are you familiar with that are caused by viruses?
In your experience or knowledge, are these diseases easy or difficult to treat? Why easy, or why difficult?

9. viral diseases: AIDS Measles Hepatitis Chickenpox Smallpox
Influenza including H1N1
The common cold (Rhinovirus)
West Nile
Polio
Herpes

10. 
Virus structure:
A center core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid.

11. Coexists with the cell without destroying the host cell.
viral reproduction:
LYTIC CYCLE
Injects its nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) into the cell to take over cellular activities.
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
Coexists with the cell without destroying the host cell.

12. 
Lytic cycle

13. 
Lysogenic cycle

14. Talk it over:
How do the lytic and lysogenic cycles make it hard to destroy some viruses? How might it be possible (what technology would have to be developed) to defeat these viruses?

15. HIV (AIDS) RNA Viruses 
Direct the production of proteins by the host cell.
RETROVIRUS = A special type of virus that can make DNA ,which will produce new RNA, then in turn, makes proteins that produce new viruses.
Example:
HIV (AIDS)

16. Bacteria

17. 
Prokaryotes
Traditionally all prokaryotes were classified as Monerans
Also known as bacteria (pl.) or bacterium (s.)
Presently, the prokaryotes are divided into two kingdoms.

18. Comes from the Greek word archaio which means “ancient”. 
1. Archaebacteria
Comes from the Greek word archaio which means “ancient”.
All live in harsh environments.

19. Larger of the two kingdoms. Live almost everywhere. 
2. Eubacteria
Larger of the two kingdoms.
Live almost everywhere.
Vital for life functions and industry
Both helpful and harmful

20. Facts about bacteria:  Found everywhere
Very small. Much smaller than any cell in our body.(1-5 um)
No membrane-bound structures or nucleus. (prokaryotes)
Usually surrounded by a cell wall and a capsule for additional protection.

21. General structure:

22. 
Talk to your partners
What are one or two adaptations that bacteria have evolved to survive in an uncertain environment?

23. General Structure

24. Classification according to shape.
Classification according to shape.
Coccus (s.) or Cocci (pl.)(spherical)
Can be single cells
Pairs
Chains
Clusters
Examples:
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus

25. Classification according to shape.
Classification according to shape.
2. Bacillus(s.) Bacilli (pl.) (rod)
Single cells
Pairs
Chains
Example
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Escherichia coli

26. Classification according to shape.
Classification according to shape.
3. Spirochetes (spiral)
Only exist as single cells
Examples:
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

27. Reproduction  All reproduce asexually Usually through binary fission
Under certain conditions, bacteria can reproduce very quickly
A small colony can double in 20 minutes.

28. Binary fission  The most common type of asexual reproduction.
A single cell splits to form two daughter cells.

29. 
Exchange of DNA
Conjugation is the transferred of genes between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined.

30. 
Talk to your partner
How might exchanging genetic information be helpful to the bacteria’s survival?

31. 
Endospores
A thick covering around the DNA that allows the bacterium to remain dormant for long periods of time. If necessary, many years.
Examples: Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Tetanus(Clostridium tetani)

32. Helpful bacteria  Decompose food wastes Produce vitamins
Produce antibodies
Genetic engineering
Decomposition of dead plants and animals
Industry & agriculture
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

33. 
Talk to your partners
Imagine: what are one or two ways that a helpful bacteria that lives in or on our bodies become harmful?

34. Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
Found on the roots of plants.
Can be helpful in ‘fixing’ nitrogen for plant use.
Rhizobium nodules on roots of soybeans

35. Common bacterial diseases:
Lyme disease
Tetanus
Strep throat
Tuberculosis
Toxigenic E. coli