Organization of the Human Body

Anatomy vs physiology Anatomy The _____________ structure Physiology (fiz-e-ology) How the structure __________ structure ***Anatomy is the what, physiology is the how. works

Homeostasis balance environment A state of _________ between a living thing and the ______________ balance environment The process is dynamic because it occurs within a narrow range to maintain cellular processes. Examples: The exchange of O2 for CO2, maintenance of blood glucose levels. If the pancreas is working correctly it will produce enough insulin (stored in beta-isolet cells) to cause cellular channels to open which allows for glucose molecules to enter the cell.

Maintaining Homeostasis The body uses feedback loops Components of feedback loops: Receptor: _____________ Integrating center: ________________ Effector: _________________ Detects stimulus/change Receptor evaluates the stimulus (change in environment) and sends the message to Integrating center which processes the info and sends the message to Effector acts on the stimulus and causes a response Processes info Causes response

Continued death What happens if the body can’t reach homeostasis? _________________ death

Negative Feedback Systems Activity of the effector __________ the stimulus What is the result? Change/stimulus ____________ reverses moves in the opposite direction Basically the output of the system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system E.X Raising body temp, the brain thinks you are getting cold, but in reality your body is actually increasing in temp. The thermostat is reset to a higher temperature. Regulation of body Temp

Negative Feedback Homeostasis Dynamic process (ongoing) Integrating center responds Increase is detected Decrease Homeostasis Decrease Detected Increase Integrating center responds

Integrating center responds Negative Feedback Integrating center responds Increase is detected Decrease Homeostasis

Integrating center responds Negative Feedback Homeostasis Increase Decrease Detected Integrating center responds

Negative Feedback Homeostasis Dynamic process (ongoing) Integrating center responds Increase is detected Decrease Homeostasis Decrease Detected Increase Integrating center responds

Positive Feedback Systems System moves in the _________________ as the change What does this mean? Condition/stimulus is _______________ __________________ same direction Contractions during labor Reinforced Blood clotting: injured tissues release chemicals to activate platelets, the activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets. This causes a cascade of platelets and the formation of a blood clot. Lactation: The more the baby sucks the more milk is produced. Continues in the same direction Clotting of blood

How many legs does the elephant have?

HELLO!!!!

Stampede!!!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qmp4DjtWcuw Are the actions of the participants an example of positive or negative feedback? Why? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJsYwehp_r4 Are the responses of the Ellen’s victims an example of positive or negative feedback? Why? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CM_ULZCvlY

Examples of Feedback As a group discuss the following: Provide two examples of negative feedback Provide two examples of positive feedback

Feedback Loop Stimulus Response Receptor Effector Integrating Center Stimulus: Increased body temp, Receptor: Thermo-receptors in skin, Integration: Brain or spinal cord, Effector: message sent to sweat glands Response: Sweating Effector Integrating Center

Homeostasis of Blood Calcium The bones and teeth contain approximately 99 percent of the calcium in the body, while the other 1 percent circulates in the blood. Too much calcium in the blood and too little calcium in the blood both have negative effects. If blood calcium levels decrease too much, the parathyroid glands activate their calcium-sensing receptors and release parathyroid hormone. PTH signals the bones to release calcium to increase the amount of calcium in the bloodstream.

Regulation of Blood Sugar Stimulus Response Receptor Stimulus: Increased body temp, Receptor: Thermo-receptors in skin, Integration: Brain or spinal cord, Effector: message sent to sweat glands Response: Sweating Effector Integrating Center

Discussion Question Discuss with your group What would happen to the heart rate (would it increase or decrease) if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by positive or negative feedback?

The Anatomical Position Eyes forward, feet together, plams facing up with the thumbs pointed out Used as _____________ a reference/ directional point Anatomical position: eyes forward, feet together, palms facing up with the thumbs pointed out

Is this person in the anatomical position? Figure 1.3

Regional Terms Figure 1.4a

Regional Terms Figure 1.4b

Body Regions Questions Where is a plantar wart located? Where do you take an otic temperature? If you have carpal tunnel syndrome where is your injury located? Where is the axillary nerve located? If humans had dorsal fins, where would the fin be located?

Body Region Questions Continued Women get botox to get rid of wrinkles in which body region? Which body region is Homer always choking Bart? Which body region is Dave Grohl’s goatee growing?

Describe Gaston using body region terms Zebra Which body region is the zebra showing you?

A Quick Review http://www.purposegames.com/game/f606295531 http://www.wiley.com/college/apcentral/anatomydrill/

Positional Terms Supine Lying ___________ Prone Lying __________ face up face down Prone Like a pro baseball player sliding into home Supine lying in your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth

Descriptive Terms Superficial __________ the surface Deep ________ from the surface Toward/on Away

Superficial vs Deep

Directional Terms http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305

Directional Terms Superior Toward the head or the above Inferior Away from the head or below

Superior Vs Inferior Heart is superior to the liver Liver is inferior to the lungs

Directional Terms Anterior Nearer to/at the front Posterior Nearer to/at the back The sternum is anterior to the heart The esophagus is posterior to the trachea

Anterior vs Posterior

Directional Terms Medial Nearer the midline Lateral Farther from the **Midline = middle of body

Medial vs Lateral The ulna is medial to the radius The lungs are lateral

Directional Terms ** only used to reference extremities (limbs) Distal Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk Proximal Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk Root Root Distal farther from the point of origin Proximal nearer to the point of origin

Proximal vs Distal Proximal Distal Point of origin Carpals Radius Clavicle Point of origin Phalanges Humerous When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots.

Positional Terms Ventral Front or belly Dorsal Back

Practice Superior or Inferior? Abdomen is ________________ to the pectoral region Oral region is ______________ to the nose Cervical region is __________ to the tail bone Anterior/ventral or posterior/dorsal? Nose is _______________ to the ear Knuckles is __________ to the palm Heel is ________________ to the toes Medial or lateral Radius bone is _________________ to the ulna bone Middle toe is ___________________ to the big toe Orbital region is _______________ to the ear Proximal or distal Fingers is ___________________to the carpal region Upper arm is _______________to the clavicle Lower leg is ________________to the thigh

Directional Terms Practice Write a statement for each of the six pairs of directional terms. The statement should show the relationship of each pair. E.x. “The wrist is distal to the elbow, but the shoulder is proximal to the elbow.” Use the following structures Nose (use medial/lateral) Ears (use superior/inferior) Toes (use anterior/posterior) Knees (use distal/proximal) Scapula Ribs Heart Fingers

The Language of Anatomy Write the following terms on the index cards at your lab bench Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, ventral and dorsal Then place them in the proper location on one of your lab partners.

Directional Terms Review Directional Terms Fill in http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Regional_Anatomy/Lesson_3 Purpose Games http://www.purposegames.com/game/anatomy-directional-terms-quiz

Body Planes Frontal (Coronal) plane Vertical Divides body into anterior & posterior parts

Body Planes Transverse plane Horizontally Divides body into superior & inferior parts

Body Planes Oblique Midsagittal Parasagittal Passes through at an angle Midsagittal Divides body/organ into EQUAL right & left halves Parasagittal Divides the body/organ into UNEQUAL right and left halves Midsagital passes through the midline of the body, the parasaggital does not.

Anatomical Planes Anatomical Planes Quiz http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=identify-anatomical-planes-directions--human-body Body Planes and Directional Terms http://www.purposegames.com/game/body-planes-and-directional-terms-game

Various Receptors Thermoreceptors- detect changes temperature Barroreceptors-detect changes in blood pressure Photoreceptors- detect changes light Chemoreceptors- detect changes in chemicals (e.x. carbon dioxide, oxygen, etc.) Osmoreceptors- detect changes in osmotic pressure Nociceptors- sense pain Mechanoreceptors- allow for movement