Chapter 18 part 3

Absolutism & Constitutionalism Both philosophies are part of a trend toward creating the modern nation-state - a gov’t (state) organized around a group of people that share a history, language, tradition, culture, and religion (nation.) These new gov’t’s all include; Homogeneous populations (ethnically and religiously) ex: When Spain reconquered the Iberian Pen. They either forced the Jews and Muslims to leave or convert. Strong Central Bureaucracy (members loyal to the gov’t and not local lords) ex: French kings appointed middle class people as intendents to carry out the king’s orders. Monopoly on Justice and Violence (new courts, standing armies, private armies made illegal) ex: France made protestant armies illegal and Britain's Parliament organized the New Model Army

England King John- Signs the Magna Carta 1215

1509-1547 Henry VIII Marries Katherine of Aragorn One child – Mary Annuls Katherine Creates separate Church of England (with Parliaments approval) - 1536 Marries Anne Boleyn One child- Elizabeth Beheads Marries Jane Seymour One child- Edward Dies in Child Birth Marries Anne of Cleaves, Katharine Howard, Catharine Parr….Dies

1558-1603) Edward Dies, Mary Dies, … Elizabeth Give the Anglican Church some Protestant theology – With the backing of Parliament Allows for “Freedom of Conscious” - Never Marries No children

James I Queens 2nd Cousin (Scottish) Believer in Divine Right (aka. I don’t need to listen to Parliament) Charles I – Son of James I Tries to expand Parliament Fails- Petition of Right “I will obey Parliament” Charles I (con’t) Ignores Petition of Right Disbands Parliament Civil War

Puritan General Oliver Cromwell (1599 – 1658) became the leader of the new English republic after Charles I was beheaded. He was as unwilling as kings to share power with Parliament, so after his death, the monarchy was restored.

Civil War (1642–1651) Cavalier (Royalist) Roundheads win Roundhead (Supporter of Parliament) Roundheads win Oliver Cromwell takes power Charles I executed

When Oliver Cromwell dies…. English want the Monarchy BACK Becomes a Military Dictator(1653 –1658) Enforces Puritan Reforms- Very Unpopular When Oliver Cromwell dies…. English want the Monarchy BACK Charles I no problem James II – Catholic – Big problem

“Glorious Revolution”- 1688 James II gets kicked out of England William and Mary (James II daughter) allowed Parliament to control government English Bill of Rights which permanently limited the power of the monarchy Religious tolerance for everyone but Catholics!

France… the Road to Absolutism The Reformation and France France was torn by religious wars (Catholic Vs. Calvinist “Huguenot) Henry IV: used Edict of Nantes to declare religious toleration in France Henry IV was actually a protestant man, who converted to Catholicism to become King Henry IV assassinated 1572 to 1610

Louis XIII (1610 to 1643) Louis XIII: nine year old inherited a divided and violent France

Cardinal Richelieu crushed power of the nobles and Protestants to make          Louis XIII an absolute monarch of a unified and peaceful France - Disbanded Private Armies - No more fortified Castles Cardinal Richelieu –Three Musketeers (Disney Version)

Louis XIV (1643-1715) Louis XIV made France the wealthy, powerful, cultural, intellectual center of Europe How? Start a list Louis XIV Tools of power 1. Mercantilism!

Versailles 2. Palace of Versailles: most extravagant palace in Europe housed 10,000 people so Louis could directly control the lives of the feudal nobility 2.A appointed people from different regions to important positions 2.B Every region/family would have members at court

3. Ignoring other Gov’t Institutions- Louis XIV never consulted the Estates General about spending of tax money I know we never talked about the Estate’s General…but France had one (like parliament, but way less powerful)

4. Religious Unity- Louis XIV Repealed the Edict of Nantes- Mass departure of Protestants from France 5. Ceremony- “Sun King” – so important it seemed as though the world revolved around him