5HUM0271 Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Britain

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Presentation transcript:

5HUM0271 Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Britain Lecture 6: The Enlightenment

What do historians mean by ‘The Enlightenment’? Old view: rationality rather than superstition or revelation A world view validated by science rather than religion or tradition a belief in the power of human reason to change society and liberate the individual from the restraints of custom or arbitrary authority

European philosophers L to R: Montesquieu (1689-1755) Voltaire (1694-1778) Kant (1724-1804) Diderot (1713-1784)

What do historians mean by ‘the Enlightenment’? Newer interpretations: no longer an autonomous intellectual movement not confined to western Europe no single chronology or extent of spread or influence Interest in how society disseminated, used and responded to ideas

Key theme ‘It is more helpful to think of Enlightenment as a series of problems and debates, of ‘flash-points’, characteristic of the eighteenth century, or of ‘pockets’ where projects of intellectual expansion impacted upon and changed the nature of developments in society and government on a world-wide basis.’ Dorinda Outram, The Enlightenment (1995), p. 3.

problems and debates 1. Religion: Ranges from violent hostility to religion to a promotion of ‘rational Dissent’ Debate on toleration = the connection between religion and the state 2. Science: Defining boundaries from experimental philosophy Nature – from part of a ‘Great Chain of Being’ to discrete classification groups

Joseph Wright of Derby, ‘A Philosopher giving that Lecture on the Orrery,’ 1766

Scottish philosophers L to R: David Hume (1711-1776) Adam Ferguson (1723-1816) Adam Smith (1723-1790)

The Spectator (1711-14) editors Joseph Addison and Richard Steele

The Lunar Society of Birmingham

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