1. What is Enlightenment? How did science in the 18th century increase the power of the state while at the same time eroding its authority -- especially given the fact that science, as we know it, did not exist?

2. The status of science “Natural Philosophy” and theology Popular and church anti-intellectualism Philosophical skepticism: David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) Increasing popularity, science lectures, popular science books “Natural Philosophy” and theology Popular and church anti-intellectualism Philosophical skepticism: David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) Increasing popularity, science lectures, popular science books

3. Popular Science Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)describes cosmos mathematically, posits need for creator’s intervention (interpretations of Voltaire, Deists, Hume) Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Histoire Naturelle, (1749) nature has a history Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)describes cosmos mathematically, posits need for creator’s intervention (interpretations of Voltaire, Deists, Hume) Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Histoire Naturelle, (1749) nature has a history

4. New cosmology, new world order Challenged “Great Chain of Being” -- man’s place in nature, king’s right to rule over nation Technology offered governments the possiblity to exert more control over natural resources, population Challenged “Great Chain of Being” -- man’s place in nature, king’s right to rule over nation Technology offered governments the possiblity to exert more control over natural resources, population

5. The problem of religious toleration Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Toleration Act, Great Britain, 1689: France limited toleration, 1787 Transition from monarchial state where religious and state loyalties inseparable, to modern separation of church and state Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Toleration Act, Great Britain, 1689: France limited toleration, 1787 Transition from monarchial state where religious and state loyalties inseparable, to modern separation of church and state

6. Rational Christianity? John Locke, The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695) Problem of revelation, miracle, Christianity’s similarities with other religions Hume, Essay on Miracles (1748) Voltaire, Questions sur les Miracles (1765) Lisbon earthquake, 1755, 10,000 casualties John Locke, The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695) Problem of revelation, miracle, Christianity’s similarities with other religions Hume, Essay on Miracles (1748) Voltaire, Questions sur les Miracles (1765) Lisbon earthquake, 1755, 10,000 casualties