DO NOW I. What is more important: Freedom or Safety? In other words, is it better to be safe but live in a totalitarian govt. or free but exposed to danger and risk? Why? II. Should the United States government be able to torture suspected terrorists in order to keep us safe? Why? Why not?

Crack and Bananas: CIA Covert Operations during the Cold War Aim: How did the United States use the CIA to influence world affairs during the Cold War? Intelligence and the CIA1. The Purpose and Activities of Intelligence

Road Map 1. The Purpose and Activities of Intelligence 2. The Major Intelligence Organizations 3. The CIA and Covert Operations 4. Class Film: American Gangsta

I. Purpose and Activities of Intelligence Agencies 1. Data collection and analysis : Providing information to policymakers 2. Counterintelligence : Protecting intelligence info and national security organizations from spies. 3. Political and paramilitary intervention : propaganda campaigns, secret financial/military assistance, assassination, and coups d’etat.

The Major Intelligence Organizations 1. The National Security Agency (NSA) 2. Army, Navy, and Air Force Intelligence 3. The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) 4. The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) 5. Intelligence and Research Bureau (State Dept.) 6. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 7. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

The Defense Intelligence Agency Within the DoD. Develops and supervises high-altitude surveillance mechanisms (the U-2 spy plane, the SR-71, and the use of satellites) U-2 flights by the CIA and air force intelligence detected the existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba in 1962.

Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace. U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

II. The FBI Created in 1908. Mainly responsible for domestic counterintelligence and internal security within the U.S. Before the creation of the CIA, it was active throughout Latin America

III. The CIA Created by the National Security Act of 1947 Mainly responsible for intelligence abroad. Two parts: collection and analysis of data covert operations (political and paramilitary action abroad)

IV. The CIA and Covert Operations During the Cold War CIA covert operations became the “hidden hand”of U.S. foreign policy. (Containment) Covert Operations: military or political activity performed in secrecy that would break specific laws or compromise policy in another country. Covert operations are almost always illegal in the target state and are sometimes in violation of the laws of the country that perpetrates them. The main reason: The Cold War & nuclear balance limited direct military actions Covert operations during the cold war created significant resentment towards the United States in 3rd world countries.

The First Covert Operations 1. Propaganda campaigns in the 1948 Italian elections -Feared by the popularity of the Communist party, the CIA intervened to fund and support the Christian Democratic party. (it won the elections). The first CIA covert operation since its creation in 1947.

1948 Italian Elections

Major Covert Operations 2. The Coup in Iran in 1953 3. The Coup in Guatemala in 1954 4. The Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 5. The Intervention in Chile in 1960s and 70s…

1953 Coup in Iran 1st Successful overthrow of a Foreign Government Widespread bribery in order to gain access to Iranian oil

1954 Guatemala Coup In 1950 Guatemalans elected Jacobo Arbenz Guzman. Arbenz's government put forth a number of new policies that the U.S. intelligence community deemed Communist in nature He decided to nationalize Guatemala's industry. This angered US companies. In particular the United Fruit Company. CIA trained and and armed a rebel army headed by Carlos Castillas Armas

V. Cuban Revolution In 1959 Fidel Castro and Che Guevara lead a successful overthrow of Cuban Dictator Fulgencio Batista. Under Batista Cuba had been a popular vacation spot for US citizens with fancy night clubs and casinos Castro began Nationalizing Cuba’s Industry. The United States responded by placing an embargo on Cuba that exists until this day.

Khruschev Embraces Castro, 1961

Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

Chilean Coup 1970 Chileans elect socialist Salvador Allende. 1973 US backs a coup that establishes ruthless dictator Agusto Pinochet

Chile 1960s and 70s

CIA The CIA has been accused of allowing the sale of crack cocaine in the 1980s to fund paramilitary operations in Nicaragua.

CIA Criminals in Action Video and Lyrics

DO NOW Collect the lyrics from the front of the Room. Take out your HW --> Dark Alliance Reading! COMP BOOK Questions: Answer the following in paragraph form (1 paragraph per question) Explain the alleged connection between the CIA and Nicaraguan contras. (Who is involved? What are they accused of doing?) Why might the CIA have engaged in these alleged actions? What is the motivation? On the whole, do you agree or disagree with the concept of “covert operations” in the name of national security? Why?