Clause: a group of words that contains a subject and its predicate CLAUSES Clause: a group of words that contains a subject and its predicate

FYI: A complete clause includes not only the subject and the verb, but all of the modifiers and phrases that go with them. A sentence may consist of only one clause or several, each with its own subject and predicate.

TWO KINDS OF CLAUSES: Independent clause: makes sense independently. Example: Lance is a goofball. Dependent clause: does not make sense unless it can “hang on to” an independent clause. Example: Because Lance is a goofball…

MORE DEPENDENT CLAUSES: Adjective dependent clause: (AKA relative clause) a dependent clause used as an adjective; often interrupts the main clause; begins with relative pronouns. Relative pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, that Examples: The man who followed you turned left. We watched the man who turned left. “I am he that walks with the tender and growing night.”

Adverb dependent clause: dependent clauses that act as big adverbs Adverb dependent clause: dependent clauses that act as big adverbs. Adverb clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions: if, as, since, when, because, before, after, although, as long as, while, even though, in order that Example: I jumped when the fish expanded. (This clause acts as an adverb because it answers the question, “When did I jump?”)

Where dependent clauses go: Dependent clauses can not be used as sentences by themselves; they depend on an independent clause for meaning. The dependent clause may be placed before, after, or even in the middle of an independent clause: If you find the white whale, the voyage will be a success. The evil will collapse when the white whale is destroyed. The poet who wrote the cantos was exiled to Italy. I found what I was looking for.

The difference between a clause and a sentence: Read only: A clause has both a subject and a predicate, like a sentence, but a sentence always has a complete thought, whereas a clause might be incomplete (if it’s dependent). A sentence can consist of one or several clauses.

FOUR SENTENCE STRUCTURES: Simple sentence: Structure: I A simple sentence consists of simply one independent clause. The house is haunted.

Structure: I + I or I+I+I, etc. COMPOUND SENTENCE: II Structure: I + I or I+I+I, etc. A compound sentence is a sentence compounded by 2 or more independent clauses. Ask me for tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man.

Complex Sentence: ID D,I Structure: I+D or D+I or D+I+D, etc. A complex sentence consists of an independent clause joined to a dependent clause. Whenever Richard Cory went downtown, we people on the pavement looked at him.

Compound-complex sentence IID DII Structure: I+I+D or D+I+I A compound-complex sentence contains both a compound clause structure and a complex clause structure. Because I exercise, I feel happy, and I stay in shape.

Summary of Clause Punctuation: I,ccI (comma before coordinating conjunction in compound sentence) I;I (semicolon between independent clauses if no coordinating conjunction) ID (no comma after independent clause in complex sentence) D,I (comma after dependent clause in complex sentence)

Four Purposes of Sentences/Ideas: Declarative Sentence: a sentence that declares (states) I am going to the mall. Interrogative Sentence: a sentence that interrogates (asks a question) Are you going to the mall? Imperative Sentence: a command Go to the mall. Exclamatory Sentence: exclaims I’m going to the mall!

CONGRATULATIONS!!!!! You are finished taking grammar notes!!!! until next year…..=0)