The Republicans Take Power Chapter 6 Section 1 8th Grade History Chatterton Middle School

I. Jefferson Becomes President Life in 1800 - By 1800 the U.S has 16 states - The U.S. population has become more diverse economically, culturally, and politically - Industry has expanded in the New England and Mid Atlantic states. - Farming and small business has grown in the Western and Southern states

I. (cont.) B. Differences between the two parties Federalist- Strong Central Government. Limited participation for common citizen Dem.- Rep.- More power to the states. Common citizens participating in the government.

I. (cont.) C. Negative Feelings Between Parties - Each party dislikes the other. - Both sides believe the other will ruin the country - Federalist believe Dem.- Reps. Want another Revolution - Dem.- Reps believe the Federalist want to create a monarchy.

I. (cont.) D. Election of 1800 - Thanks to the Alien and Sedition Acts the Federalist party had lost much of its public support. - Federalists however still had a lot of POLITICAL support. - In a desperate effort to show unity the party selected John Adams for President and Charles Pinckney for V.P for the 1800 election.

I. (cont.) - The Dem-Rep. nominated Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr for V.P - Candidates did not campaign around the country like they do today. They sent letters to be read aloud or printed in newspapers. - There was a lot of negative campaigning just like in today’s elections.

I. (cont.) - The Dem-Rep. beat the Federalist by receiving more electoral votes. - The problem however was that in those days electors cast 2 votes each. One for President and Vice President. - So Both Jefferson and Burr (both Dem-Rep.) received 73 electoral votes. This was the first time an election had ever been tied.

I. (cont.) E. Election Deadlock - The House of Representatives (Congress) had to break the tie. - Each states Representatives voted and the highest vote getter received the states vote. - A candidate needed a majority of 9 states to win the election. (Remember we have 16 states!)

I. (cont.) - After 36 ballots neither Jefferson or Burr had a majority. (The 9th state) - Debate raged on both sides. Alexander Hamilton who disliked both candidates is quoted as saying “at least Jefferson was honest” (He really disliked Burr!) - Finally the single delegate from Delaware James Bayard decided to abstain. (not vote).

I. (cont.) - With one less state voting. Jefferson received 8 out of 15 states (a majority) and won the election. Burr became V.P F. Jefferson’s Inauguration - To try and impress regular citizens Jefferson walked to the white house in everyday clothes to accept the office of Presidency. (It worked)

I. (cont.) - Here is a summary of Jefferson’s opening speech (address): 1. Tried to reach out to both parties 2. Have a wise and frugal government ( don’t waste money!) 3. Will support state governments over the federal government 4. Believed state governments could best protect freedom

II. Jefferson’s Policies Jefferson kept his government small some notable people in his cabinet were Sec. of State: James Madison Sec. of Treasury: Albert Gallatin - Jefferson wanted to reduce the national debt left by the Federalists. To do this he: cut the army by 1/3, and reduced the navy from 24 to 7 ships. (It worked)

II. (cont.) B. Midnight Judges - The Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed in the time between Jefferson’s election and his inauguration - The act increased the number of federal judges. Adams who was in his last days of office tried to take advantage of this situation.

II. (cont.) - Since Adams knew he was going to be replaced he decided to appoint Federalists to these new judicial positions. (Known as Midnight Judges) - The thinking was that the Federalists could at least control the courts, since they lost the election. - The appointments took affect when the commissions (legal paperwork) were delivered

II. (cont.) - When Jefferson came into office some of the commissions still needed to be delivered. - Jefferson told his Sec. of State Madison to not deliver them so those people couldn’t take office.

II. (cont.) - One of those people was William Marbury. He went straight to the Supreme Court to have them force Madison to deliver the commissions. - Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall told Marbury that the Court had no jurisdiction (no allowed) to decide the case.

II. (cont.) - by doing this Marshall laid the groundwork for Judicial Review.

III. Judicial Review and Other Court Cases 1. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land 2. When a conflict arises between the Const. and any other law, Const. must be followed. 3. The judicial branch has the duty to uphold the const., and nullify un-const. laws.

III. (cont.) B. McCulloch v. Maryland - The court held that the elastic clause allows Congress to do more than what the Const. says it can (Gave the Federal Government MORE power) C. Gibbons v. Ogden - Federal Law takes precedence over state law. (More power to Federal Gov. again!)