Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University PowerPoint Presentation for Biopsychology, 9th Edition by John P.J. Pinel Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. COPYRIGHT © 2014 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

How Your Brain Stores Information Chapter 11 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia How Your Brain Stores Information Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy H.M. was an epileptic who had his temporal lobes removed in 1953. His seizures were dramatically reduced—but so was his long-term memory H.M. experienced both mild retrograde amnesia and severe anterograde amnesia. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 11.1 Medial temporal lobectomy. The portions of the medial temporal lobes that were removed from H.M.’s brain are illustrated in a view of the inferior surface of the brain. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy (Con’t) Retrograde (backward-acting): unable to remember the past Anterograde (forward-acting): unable to form new memories While H.M. was unable to form most types of new long-term memories (LTM), his short-term memory (STM) was intact. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Assessing H.M. (Con’t) H.M. improved with practice on sensorimotor tasks (mirror drawing, rotary pursuit) and on a nonsensorimotor task (incomplete pictures)—all without recalling previous practice sessions. H.M. readily learned responses through classical (Pavlovian) conditioning, but had no memory of the conditioning trials. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia Not all patients with this form of amnesia are unable to form new explicit long-term memories. Semantic memory (general information) may function normally while episodic memory (events that one has experienced) does not. Medial temporal lobe amnesiacs may have trouble imagining future events. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of Cerebral Ischemia on the Hippocampus and Memory R.B. suffered damage to just one part of the hippocampus (CA1 pyramidal cell layer) and developed amnesia. R.B.’s case suggests that hippocampal damage alone can produce amnesia. H.M.’s damage and amnesia were more severe than R.B.’s. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Amnesia of Korsakoff’s Syndrome Korsakoff’s syndrome is most commonly seen in severe alcoholics (or others with a thiamine deficiency). It is characterized by amnesia, confusion, personality changes, and physical problems. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Where Are Memories Stored? (Con’t) Damage to a variety of structures results in memory deficits. Inferotemporal Cortex Visual perception of objects Changes in activity seen with visual recall Amygdala Emotional learning Lesions of the amygdalae disrupt fear learning. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Where Are Memories Stored? (Con’t) Cerebellum and Striatum Cerebellum Stores memories of sensorimotor skills Striatum Habit formation Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.