LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Learning Outcomes By the end of the lesson you will be able to… Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A*

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A* The Indians in East Africa are mainly of a very low class of coolies (labourers) and the idea that they should be put on an equality with the Europeans is revolting to every white man throughout British Africa. Montagu in his reply said that this view ‘might have been written by a European settler of a most fanatical type’. - Conversation with Edward Montagu, 1921. What does this source suggest about Churchill’s view of India and its people? How does source A show that Churchill was seen as an old fashioned figure? How does this source help us understand why Churchill was out of office between 1929 and 1939? Source A - Churchill gives his views about Indians living in East Africa to the minister responsible for India.

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A* British rule in India British rule coming under pressure in the 1920’s and 1930 from an Indian population who wanted self-governance and representation - Mass populace led by Mohandas ‘Mahatma’ Gandhi - Satyagraha, meaning ‘holding onto truth’ led him to the persuit of freedom by non-violent protest. - Britain responded to Gandhi’s protests with repression and reform - The Rowlatt Acts of 1919 increased police powers by allowing imprisonment without trial but the 1919 Montagu-Chelmsford measures gave locally elected councils a measure of control over some internal matters. - In April 1919 Gandhi led a mass campaign against the Rowlatt Acts and troops fired on a protesting crowd at Amritsar, killing 400 and wounding 1200. This led to a surge of anti-British feeling and a rise in nationalism. - Following this came a large civil disobedience campaign and by the end of the 1920’s, the British government faced calls for independence.

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A* Reliance on repression to govern India gave Britain a poor international reputation and risked alienating the support for British rule amongst many of the richer and more privileged Indians. The British Government made conciliatory moves: - 1930-31 – Round Table conferences to discuss constitutional reforms for India (Attended by Gandhi) NOT VERY SUCCESSFUL - 1933 Indian White Paper (intentions by the British for greater Indian self-governance). - Government of India Act (took effect in 1937) which gave great parts of India autonomy and expanded the electorate to 35 million (out of a population of 338 million).

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A* Why did Churchill oppose British policy? Churchill opposed the British Government’s moves towards change in India because: He loved the Raj and had served in the army in India as a young man. He objected to any concessions to popular interest and threats to lawful authority. He thought that Gandhi and Indian nationalism would be content only with full independence, so concessions were a waste of time. He thought independence would lead to disastrous conflicts between Muslims and Hindus and put power in the hands of India’s most powerful caste – the Brahmins. He believed in the superiority of the white race and its destiny to rule. He saw British power in Europe and the world as dependent on its continuing control of its Empire.

What were the consequences? LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A* What were the consequences? Even some of Churchill’s friends and supporters found some of his views on India too extreme. He had aligned himself with extreme and old-fashioned imperialists, and cut himself off from mainstream Conservative Party opinion. This alienated Prime Ministers Baldwin and Chamberlain, who did not trust him to be in government.

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A* Task: Read through the different sources on Churchill’s view on the Indian independence movement and answer the questions (you may only need to annotate the sources for some answers). Challenge: How important was Churchill’s stance on India in contributing to the decision not to include him in the National Government in September 1931?

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A*

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A*

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A*

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A*

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A*

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A*

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A*

LO: What were Churchill’s views on India? Describe Churchill’s views on India. E-D Explain Churchill’s views on India . C-B Assess why Churchill’s views of India sometimes differed. A-A*