INDO-US WORKSHOP ON HYDROFLUOROCARBONS (HFCs) Indian Industry Perspective on Alternatives to HCFCs for Air Conditioning Sub-sector P.K. Mahindra REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION (RAMA) 18 February 2011, New Delhi 1

REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION (RAMA) AIMS & OBJECTIVES: To Promote overall growth of Air-conditioning & Refrigeration Industry in India, keeping in mind the larger economic goals of: Maximizing investments in India Maximizing job creation in India To conduct & facilitate research on Air Conditioning & Refrigeration industry To partner with Indian & Foreign Associations for Growth of the Industry 2 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011 INDUSTRY SIZE Air Conditioning & US$ (billion) Commercial Refrigeration: Air Conditioning Systems 3.2 Commercial Refrigeration 0.5 Servicing 0.3 TOTAL 4.0 Domestic Refrigerators: 2.1 Total 6.1 RAMA members account for over 90% of the industry size for Air Conditioning & Commercial Refrigeration and over 70% of domestic refrigerator market. 3 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT SUB SECTORS 1. Room air conditioners 2. Ducted Systems 3. Chilled water systems (air & water cooled) 4. VRF air conditioning systems 5. Precision & Telecommunication 6. Rail Coach Air Conditioning 4 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

AIR CONDITIONERS SUB SECTORS GROWTH STORY 5 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011 ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS GROWTH STORY Production: 2005 : 1.5 m (Actual) 2009 : 3.3 m (Actual) 2013 : 9.9 m (Estimate) 2015 : 17.0 m (Estimate) Demand Growth (Annual): 2005 ~ 09 : 22% (Actual) 2010 ~ 12: 32% (Estimate) 2013 ~ 15: 31% (Estimate) Penetration Level (p. capita): 2005 : < 2 (Actual) 2013 : 3. 5 (Estimate) 2015 : 4.5 (Estimate) 6 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

ALTERNATE REFRIGERANTS CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER R 22 R-410A R-407C R 134A R 32 R 290 Safety Category as per ASHRAE A1  A1 A1  A2L A3 Flammable Limits in Air (vol.%) None 14.4 2.1 GWP 1810 2,088 1,774 1,430 675 3 Glide oF 0  0.2 9.7 Compressor Energy Effic. Ratio (HCFC 22 %) 100% 102 – 105% 95 – 101% 95 – 97% Yet to be established  97 – 99% Capacity (HCFC 22 %) 149 – 155% 98 – 105% 65% 160%  85% Heat Transfer Baseline  Higher Lower Higher  Same Pressure Drop Lower  Tubing Size Smaller Larger System Performance (HCFC 22 %) 95 – 100% 97 – 98% 95 – 97%  100-103% Redesign Required Major Minor Major  7 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

EVALUATION OF REFRIGERANTS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • R-410 is a blend with a small temperature glide (0.2C) • System Efficiency is lower than that of HCFC-22 • Smaller compressor and heat exchanger due to lower flow rate • Higher sub cooling (8%) • Increased manufacturing cost • Lower critical temperature of R-410A limits its use in higher ambient • System efficiency 98 ~ 105%; improvement by better design • Higher thickness and smaller internal size of tubes due to higher system pressures • Higher vacuum levels during manufacturing, servicing • Full system evacuation, gas charging required during servicing Sub sectors : Room Air conditioner, Ducted systems, small Chiller Systems 8 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

EVALUATION OF REFRIGERANTS Sub sector : Large chiller systems HFC-134a ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • Single Component refrigerant ; does not have disadvantages of mixtures • Higher coefficient of performance as compared to R 410A and CO2 • System size is bulky compared to HCFC-22 based systems due to 40% lower refrigeration capacity • Consumes more materials increased system costs • GWP concerns Sub sector : Large chiller systems 9 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

EVALUATION OF REFRIGERANTS PROPANE (R-290) ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • Low climate impact (GWP:3) • Good thermodynamic performance compared to HCFC-22, especially in lower ambient • Comparable pressure and COP to HCFC-22 • Improved pressure ratio LBP, discharge temperature, and volumetric capacity compared to HCFC-22 • Serious Safety concerns in enclosed environments (flammability) ; permissible limit: 2.1% of air volume • Large investments at production facilities for leak testing, charging, and general safety • Major redesign of the air conditioning equipments • Safety during servicing a major concern Pilot Project under evaluation; commercial Production and related issues to be resolved 10 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

VIABLE OPTIONS FOR AIR CONDITIONING SUB SECTORS Application Viable Option Ductless Room Air Conditioners Home, small offices R -410A (HFC) Ducted System Institutions, Commercial R- 410A, R-407C (HFCs) Telecom Air Conditioner with Precision Air conditioner Information Technology back offices, Telecom equipment R- 410A (HFC) Chiller - Air Cooled Central Systems R -410A, HFC-134a (HFCs) Chiller - Water Cooled HFC -134a (HFC) VRFs (Variable Refrigerant Volume) Rail Coach Air Conditioner Railways, Metros Others Marine & Defence Special purpose 11 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011 CONCLUDING REMARKS HFCs, like R-410A, HFC-32 and HFC-134a are the only Technically proven and Economically viable Alternatives to HCFC-22 for all the Air-Conditioning Applications R-290 being highly flammable may be applied for very small capacity units with lot of safety precautions: limited application There are no other technically proven and economically viable options Available for the industry. Some work is reported on low GWP HFOs and HFC mixtures. The time frame of such R & D work is unknown and may have a number of barriers: Flammability Issues Toxicity issue especially toxicity of products on dissociation Availability at comparable prices 12 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

CONCLUDING REMARKS (cont.) The phase-out of HCFCs relies only on the use of technically proven and economically viable solutions ; currently HFCs are the widely used refrigerants to replace HCFCs in most of the developed countries including USA. Air-Conditioning Sector is very price sensitive and Refrigeration and Air-conditioning (RAC) Industry is to provide cost effective solutions to cater the needs of Industrial and for GDP growth in the country. The RAC Industry can’t afford frequent changeovers as it involves huge capital investment The RAC industry has a very challenging task ahead ; to cater the needs of growing demand and decision of capital investments 13 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011 WAY FORWARD! The Indian industry look forward for interacting with the US RAC industry to deliberate about the feasible solutions especially to comply 2013 & 2015 control targets under the given of technically proven, economically viable, environmentally benign refrigerants. As the changeover requires large capital investments especially in growing markets like India, there is a need to have comprehensive studies and dialogues on technologies likely to be available in a given time horizon at affordable price. There should be mechanism to fund transition to low GWP refrigerants as and when these are viable 14 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011

And the Journey continues for a Sustainable Growth 15 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011