Working with Analogies SPI 0801.5.5 Choose a logical word to complete an analogy, using synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, categories/subcategories, whole/part, functions, verb forms, rhymes, scrambled words, homophones. 

Analogies test your ability to: Recognize the relationship between the words in a word pair Recognize when two word pairs display equal relationships

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To answer an analogy question you must: Recognize the relationship between the words in the given word pair Select the answer containing words related to one another in most nearly the same way Recognize when two word pairs display equal relationships

Analogies look like this: Up:Down ::Over:Under Up is to Down as Over is to Under

In what ways could these pairs of words be related? The relationship will always have to do with the meaning of the words I get it…they are opposites!

Examples of possible relationships in an analogy: Synonyms or antonyms A part to the whole A member to the category that contains it Cause to effect (or effect to cause) Varying degrees of a quantity or quality Object to function

Here is one example of Synonym relationships: Infant:Baby::Grown-Up: _________? Infant:Baby::Grown-Up:Adult Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

Here is one example of Antonym relationships: Big:Small::Full:_______? Big:Small::Full:Empty Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

Here is one example of Part to Whole relationships: Wheel:Car::Branch:_______? Wheel:Car::Branch:Tree Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

Here is one example of Member to Category relationships: Apple:Fruit::Carrot:_______? Apple:Fruit::Carrot:Vegetable Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

Here is one example of Cause Effect relationships: Sliver:Pain::Heat:__________ Sliver:Pain::Heat:Boil Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

Here is one example Matters of Degree relationships: Warm:Hot::Cool:______? Warm:Hot::Cool:Frigid Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

Here is one example of Object to Function relationships: Truck:Transport::Oven:______? Truck:Transport::Oven:bake Grown-Up -ADULT Full - EMPTY Branch - TREE Carrot -VEGTABLE Heat - BOIL Cool -FRIGID Oven - BAKE

PRACTICE Can you identify the relationship? Synonyms or antonyms A part to the whole A member to the category that contains it Cause to effect (or effect to cause) Varying degrees of a quantity or quality Object to function PLATOON:SOLDIER HOT:SCALDING STARVATION:BINGING GILLS:BREATHING PERSUASIVE:CONVINCING SOCCER:SPORT Let’s practice recognizing relationships. Part to whole - the second word (solider) is part of the first word (platoon) Varying degree - the first word (hot) is the extreme of the second word (scalding) Antonym Object to function - gills are used to breathe Synonym -someone who is persuasive is also convincing Member to category- soccer is a type of sport

PRACTICE Can you identify the relationship? Synonyms or antonyms A part to the whole A member to the category that contains it Cause to effect (or effect to cause) Varying degrees of a quantity or quality Object to function b PLATOON:SOLDIER HOT:SCALDING STARVATION:BINGING GILLS:BREATHING PERSUASIVE:CONVINCING SOCCER:SPORT e a f Let’s practice recognizing relationships. Part to whole - the second word (solider) is part of the first word (platoon) Varying degree - the first word (hot) is the extreme of the second word (scalding) Antonym Object to function - gills are used to breathe Synonym -someone who is persuasive is also convincing Member to category- soccer is a type of sport a c

Approaches that may be helpful in answering analogy questions: Try to determine the precise relationship between the words in the given pair Form a sentence that captures the relationship between the two words Then look for the answer choice containing the word pair whose relationship is closest to that of the given pair and can be expressed in a similar fashion

Example APPLE : FRUIT :: Salad : Mix Orange: Banana Juice : Can Slice : Core Butterfly: Insect Make a sentence that shows the relationship between apple and fruit. How about “An apple is a type of fruit.” Test that sentence by going through all five answers choices, replacing apple & fruit with the different pairs of words. Only one pair fits the sentence. Answer E: A butterfly s a type of insect.

Example Butterfly:Insect APPLE : FRUIT :: Salad : Mix Orange: Banana Juice : Can Slice : Core Butterfly:Insect Make a sentence that shows the relationship between apple and fruit. How about “An apple is a type of fruit.” Test that sentence by going through all five answers choices, replacing apple & fruit with the different pairs of words. Only one pair fits the sentence. Answer E: A carrot is a type of vegetable.

How do you know if you have a good sentence? Look at the answer choices If more than one answer choice seems to fit, then your sentence is too general If none of them work, then your sentence is too specific

Example PEN : WRITE :: Pencil : Sharpen Ink : Blue Letter : Compose Knife : Cut Mistake : Erase Too specific sentence - I once had a pen that my dog chewed but it still wrote in different colors. - sentence is too long, too specific. Too general: A pen is a thing and to write is an action. Sentence is too vague. It describes each word individually and not the relationship of the words. Lots of very different pairs of words could fit from this sentence.

Example Knife : Cut PEN : WRITE :: Pencil : Sharpen Ink : Blue Letter : Compose Knife : Cut Mistake : Erase Too specific sentence - I once had a pen that my dog chewed but it still wrote in different colors. - sentence is too long, too specific. Too general: A pen is a thing and to write is an action. Sentence is too vague. It describes each word individually and not the relationship of the words. Lots of very different pairs of words could fit from this sentence.

Helpful Approaches con’t: Pay attention to the order of the words in the pair Pay attention to the parts of speech The relationships you need to explain will be constant relationships Analogy questions are vocabulary intensive Remember that a single word can have several different meaning Never decide on the best answer without reading all the answer choices Practice recognizing and formulating relationships between word pairs

Practice Large : Big:: Remember : Forget Triumph: Success Nostril : Smell Audio : Hear E. Glasses : See

Practice Triumph: Success Large : Big:: Remember : Forget Nostril : Smell Audio : Hear E. Glasses : See

Practice Bat : Hitter Score: Win Walk : Run Mars : Venus Stick : Hockey Player Basketball: Hoop

Practice Stick : Hockey Player Bat : Hitter Score: Win Walk : Run Mars : Venus Stick : Hockey Player Basketball: Hoop

Practice Come : Came:: Walk : Walking Ride : Rode Left : Arrived Did : Had Done See : Seen

Practice Ride : Rode Come : Came:: Walk : Walking Left : Arrived Did : Had Done See : Seen

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