Beginning of Fitna 3rd Caliph - Uthman ibn Affan Angry mob murdered?/assassinated? Uthman Leads to Civil War (Fitna) + Sunni – Shi’a Split Shi’a – Supporters of Ali Sunni – Supporters of Muawiya & previous Caliphs (656 CE) Ali’s supporters name him the new caliph He did not bring Uthman’s assassins to justice = suspicious Muawiya (Uthman’s cousin) begins civil war (Fitna)

Fitna (Civil War) Muawiya controlled Territory Ali’s forces win major victories over Muawiya (Umayyads) & are about to win Civil War when Muawiya asks for truce: Ali accepts truce  Umayyads use time to regroup & conquer Egypt (wealthy territory that will help them continue to fight) Ali is assassinated Ali’s son Hassan appears to have no desire to rule & allows Muawiya to take control of the Caliphate Muawiya controlled Territory Ali controlled Territory

Umayyad Caliphate Muawiya takes control of the Caliphate in 661CE Conquer Iran, Afghanistan, and most of Pakistan Conquer, and convert, the Berbers of North Africa Push into Iberian Pennisula (Spain/Potugal) Burned boats so no turning back!  Lose @ Tours 732CE Largest Empire to that time! (5th Largest Ever!)

Umayyad’s Stopped Umayyad Empire was stopped at the Battle of Tours (732CE) by Charles “the hammer” Martel. The Byzantines were able to hold them off in the east due to their use of Greek Fire (ancient Napalm).

Changing Empire Muawiya changed the Empire: Moved the Capital from Medina to Damascus (More Central) Organized Government in Byzantine Style (kept positions) Began practice of appointing son the next Caliph

Non- Muslims in Caliphate Didn’t want Islamic converts but forced to deal with it when Umayyads started having kids with conquered people. Mawali – Muslim converts Pay propety taxes + higher taxes Not full citizen Could not hold office Jizya – a head tax on all non-believers Dhimmi – People of the Book Jews & Christians were majority of the population Not forced to convert since already worship the same god. Had to pay property tax and Jizya Easy to accept Islam because not persecuted

Family in Umayyad Caliphate Strengthened Women’s position in society Equality of men and women Prevented Female Infanticide Women’s Rights: Have a say in who the married Legal rights in marriage & Divorce Dowry to the Woman (not her family) after a divorce Did NOT have to wear veils Could participate in politics Go to school, get most jobs, and participate in law and trade

Decline of Umayyad Less Money for the Empire: Conversions to Islam led to less tax revenue Umar II made all Muslims equal (discontent) Lack of expansion = lack of plunder Umayyad moved away from origins (Islam) = resentment Leadership Inherited Started Harems Lived in Luxury

Decline of Umayyad 747CE major Shi’ite revolt in northeastern Iran Caused by growing unrest among non-Arab Muslims Demanded more access to political power. Many felt the Syrian Arabs had gained too much power They called themselves the Abbasid after Muhammad’s uncle (al- Abbas) Gained support of Shi’ite & Mawali Had been treated like 2nd Class Citizens

End of Umayyads Abbasids won a major battle of River Zab. Abdallah invited the Umayyad family to a banquet Umayyads thought it was a peace offering/ reconciliation Had the 80 Umayyads murdered during dinner Wrapped in blankets and finished meal Those Umayyads not at the dinner were hunted down and killed Abd al Rahman escaped and fled to Spain with a few other Umayyad’s Set Up Umayyad Caliphate in Spain

End of Umayyads