Bellringer For your bellringer, read the article titled “Roman Aqueducts” that you picked up before sitting down, and answer the following questions in complete sentences on a separate sheet of paper: Who built the aqueducts? What are aqueducts? When were these aqueducts built and used? Where is Rome? (What continent? What country?) What theme of geography (location, place, region, human-environment interaction, movement) does this article most closely relate to? Why? Do not put these articles in your binder or take them with you, they stay in class for my other “B” day classes to use as well.

How do humans adapt to the world? How do humans alter the world?

Adapting to the Environment People react to daily weather Daily clothing based on temperature, precipitation

Adapting to the Environment People adapt to extreme weather PREPARATION for and REACTION to storms Hurricane, blizzard, tornado, drought, flood

Adapting to the Environment People adapt to climate How have you adapted to a temperate climate? How would you adapt to a tropical climate? a polar climate?

Adapting to the Environment Climate impacts… Clothing materials Housing materials Transportation modes Types of recreation

Adapting to the Environment Climate affects agricultural practices Crops that can be grown in the temperate climate of North America cannot be grown in the tropical climate of Central America Adapting to low-rainfall with irrigation techniques

Adapting to the Environment Climate affects human settlement patterns Earliest civilizations developed near rivers Egyptians: Nile River Mesopotamians: Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Chinese: Huang He (Yellow) and Yangtze Rivers Indians: Indus and Ganges Rivers

Adapting to the Environment People adapt to climate change El Niño: Warm Pacific currents moving toward Asia reverse direction & carry heat back toward the Americas; Asia & Australia receive cold currents

Adapting to the Environment El Niño: Nature’s problem child Chris Rock: “A more appropriate name for El Niño would be ‘the Mother****er.’ People would take it more seriously if they heard the weatherman say, ‘Beware! The Mother****er is coming!’”

Adapting to the Environment How do we adapt (change our own behavior or actions) to weather, climate, and climate changes? WRITE A 3-5 sentence summary in the appropriate place on your Cornell Notes

Altering the Environment Human beings can alter, or change, the environment around them Some alterations are positive Some alterations are negative Some alterations are intentional Some alterations are accidental

Altering the Environment Landscape Alteration Terraced farming: Farmers dig flat steps into hillsides and mountains in order to plant crops Chinese rice fields (in background) Latin America Slash-and-burn agriculture: Farmers clear vegetation from land, then burn land to fertilize soil (rainforest destruction)

Altering the Environment Urban development Building cities and transportation systems Urbanization (growth of cities) and highway systems The growth of cities has a negative impact on the environment

Altering the Environment Water, water everywhere! Dutch Polders: The people of the Netherlands (in Europe) needed more land to support the growing population, so they drained water from the ocean and created new land called polders (p. 282). Venice, Italy: Italians constructed a city on swampy islands. Aswan High Dam: To control the annual flooding of the Nile, the Egyptians constructed the Aswan High Dam. Roman Aqueducts: Ancient Romans built aqueducts to transport water to all parts of the empire.

Altering the Environment Draining, Deforesting, & Drying Over-irrigation – farmers using water for crops puts a strain . Deforestation: Europeans are cutting down many large forests to create more farm land. Desertification: As African farmers clear more trees for farming, the new treeless land dries out and becomes part of the Sahara Desert. The SAHEL is the region of land that is being taken over by the Sahara Desert.

Altering the Environment POLLUTION!!! Agricultural runoff (fertilizers wash into water) Factory and industrial waste (burning chemicals) Produces smog, releases toxins into air and water Oil spills (ex: BP in the Gulf of Mexico, 2010) Landfill: Burial of waste beneath layers of dirt

Altering the Environment Global Warming Greenhouse Effect: Human beings burn too many fossil fuels. The main one is CO2. Large amounts of CO2 create an invisible wall in the atmosphere. The heated rays of the sun can pass through the wall to reach the earth, but they cannot pass back out into space. The CO2 wall traps the heat inside like a greenhouse. Global temperatures rising; ice caps are melting; ocean levels are rising; species of plants, animals, and fish are dying.

SUMMARY ADAPT: A powerful natural world sometimes forces human beings to change their behaviors in order to survive or live comfortably. ALTER: Human beings often take action to control or change the physical space around them.