1. The World’s Geography
Chapter 1 Test Review

2. What is Pangea?
A theory that all landmasses used to be one big continent
Forces deep within Earth’s surface caused Pangea to break up into smaller continents
We call this continuing movement: Continental Drift

3. Continental Drift Made up of layers
Earth’s Inner Structure
Made up of layers
Crust: Earth’s surface
Mantle: Hot, rock –like
Core: Solid, metal, surrounded by molten outer core
Heat causes the mantle to create pressure on the crust
This forces the crust to rise
Rocks are pushed upward

4. Formation of Mountain Ranges
Forces within the Earth cause plates on the surface to move in different ways
When two plates push together, their edges may crumple and fold

5. Formation of Volcanoes
When one plate slides under another

6. Can people change the land?
Yes!
How so?
Buildings
Dams
Chopping down trees
Shape land to make it more useful or habitable

7. Earth’s Bodies of Water
List the following oceans from largest to smallest:
Answer
Atlantic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Did you know the Earth’s oceans are actually one big ocean divided into four parts by continents and landmasses?

8. Currents The movement of Earth’s oceans
These are streams of ocean water
Set in motion by the wind
Carry cold water from the North and South Poles toward the equator
Warm water near the equator moves towards the poles
This greatly affects temperatures of land areas

9. How are ocean waves created?
Wind
The moon causes tides- a regular, rhythmic rise and fall of the oceans
Tidal Waves:
Earthquakes and Severe thunder storms

10. The Water We Drink Oceans make up 97% of Earth’s water
More than 99% of Earth’s water is not drinkable
77% of our fresh water is frozen in glaciers and ice caps
Some fresh water floats around in the air
Some from the dampness of soil
Only 6% resides in lakes and rivers
Water that is not soaked up by the soil is called surface water
Surface water winds up in our lakes, rivers, and streams
Surface water is the water humans can drink and use

11. Where did the first settlements reside?
Near rivers
Soil is fertile from deposition
Deposition is sediment dropped in new areas
Why is water so important to us?
Survival of people, plants, and animals

12. Earth’s Climates and Vegetation
Defined:
What affect does climate have on people, animals and places?
The kind of weather a place has over a long period of time
The climate of a place is related to its nearness to large areas of land or water, how close it is to the equator, and its height above sea level
Can only live in certain climates
People learn to adapt to certain climates
The kinds of clothes we wear
The food we grow

13. Types of Climates
Temperate (Can be warm or cold depending on location)
Polar (Cold/Freezing)
Tropical (Warm/Humid/Rainy)
Highland (Cool/Rocky)
Desert (Arid)

14. Population and Settlement
Desert Regions are Growing! Why?
Fertile soil, farmland, and forests on the edges of deserts are being lost
Plant life is being destroyed by over-grazing, over-farming, or overlogging
This is called desertification

15. People, Land, and Water
Why is flatland ideal for people?
Think about it!
It is easier to live on flatland near water than mountains
Why do suppose this is so?
Can you think of some examples of civilizations we’ve studied in this chapter that provide supporting evidence that flatland and water is best for human habitation?

16. Migration Drought War Unemployment Famine
What are some reasons people move?
Drought
War
Unemployment
Famine
Want a fresh start with new opportunity
Climate