Patterns of Evolution & Speciation

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Presentation transcript:

Patterns of Evolution & Speciation pp. 304-309

Convergent Evolution Occurs when different organisms that live in similar environments develop similar characteristics. The environment selects similar adaptations in unrelated species. Organisms develop analogous structures (same function, but different internal anatomy). Examples: - Bird wings/insect wings - Shark fins/dolphin fins

More examples: Placental Mammals: top row Marsupial Mammals: bottom row

Divergent Evolution The process by which related organisms become less alike Organisms become adapted to different environmental conditions Caused by isolation of part of a population due to migration or geographic barriers

Also known as adaptive radiation. Can cause speciation Examples: Darwin’s Finches. Brown bears and polar bears

Divergent Evolution

Speciation Sometimes evolutionary changes within a population are so great that organisms can no longer interbreed with the original species = reproductive isolation When this happens it is called SPECIATION Remember: A species is a group of organisms which can breed with each other & producing fertile offspring.

Evidence of Evolution Homologous Structure Parts of the body that are similar in skeletal structure but have different functions

2. Vestigial organs Organs or parts that seem to have no useful function

3. Biochemical Evidence similar RNA & DNA; same amino acids More similarities are found in species that are more closely related Human & gorilla hemoglobin differ by one amino acid Human & frog hemoglobin differ by 67 amino acids

4. Embryological Development Embryos of different species develop in almost identical ways Indicate common ancestry

5. Fossil record Give us a time scale Shows similarities between extinct animals and animals alive today Debate about the speed of evolution because of gaps in the fossil record

Speed of Evolution

Option 1: Gradualism A model of evolution in which one species slowly & steadily evolves into another Proposed by Darwin

Option 2: Punctuated Equilibrium A model of evolution in which one species suddenly changes into another after a long stable period Occurs when niches are opened through: Mass extinction Migration into new environments Isolation of small populations