1. EOCT Review
Day 5: Evolution

2. SB5. Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution.
a. Trace the history of the theory.
b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.
c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory.
d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.
e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance)

3. SB5a. Trace the history of the theory
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Evolution of acquired characteristics (1809)
Charles Darwin
Took a voyage on the Beagle to South America, the Galapagos
In 1859, published On the Origin of Species, about evolution by natural selection

4. Speciation: the evolution of a new species
SB5b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.
Speciation: the evolution of a new species
Usually occurs due to geographical isolation
Adaptive radiation: when many new species evolve in a short time
Convergent evolution: Unrelated species evolve similarities because they are adaptations to similar environments

6. Biodiversity: the variety of organisms on earth
SB5b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.
Biodiversity: the variety of organisms on earth
Life has diversified by alterations in the genetic code of organisms over time
Cladogram (Phylogenetic Tree): diagram that shows the relationships between different groups of organisms
Branching points represent common ancestors

8. SB5b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.
Gradualism: evolution that occurs slowly and steadily over time
Punctuated Equilibrium: evolution that occurs in rapid bursts with long periods of stability

9. SB5c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory
Fossil Evidence
Fossils show the origin, extinction, and transitions in groups of organisms
Biochemical evidence
Groups of organisms that are more closely related to one another will have more similar DNA and amino acid sequences

10. SB5c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory
Anatomy
Homologous: features that are the same because two organisms are closely related
Ex. Wing of a bat and forearm of a human
Analogous: similar features that evolve in unrelated organisms because they are adaptations to similar environments
Ex. Wing of a bird and wing of a butterfly
Vestigial: features that have no function in an organism but had a function in an ancestor
Ex. Appendix in humans, rear legs in snakes

11. SB5d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms
Natural selection: individuals with beneficial traits survive and reproduce better than organisms without those traits, leading to an accumulation of the beneficial traits in later generations
Fitness: An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
Adaptation: a characteristic that helps and organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

13. Biological resistance
SB5e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance)
Biological resistance
Use of antibiotics can shift selection to favor resistant strains of bacteria, leading to an accumulation of the resistance trait in future generations
Use of pesticides can shift selection to favor resistant insect individuals, leading to resistant populations of pest insects