The Cold War in Asia

Japan Allied occupation from September 1945 – May 1952 Dominated by the USA – no USSR and no other allies USA = Emperor to remain + did not try him for war crimes General Douglas MacArthur Condescending and contempt for Japanese culture, but loved Government of Japan remained, but took orders from MacArthur Demilitarization and democratization Military tribunal for wartime leaders Emperor speech renouncing imperial divinity, textbooks changed Parliament like England + constitution outlawing war and forces US Cold War ally and US external defense

The Century of Humiliation in China, 1839-1949 Qing China (1644-1912) Isolationism British illegally sell Indian opium in China Opium dens, decline in productivity Money and goods flowing out of China Chinese troops ordered to destroy the opium trade British traders = Chinese violated trade + property rights British order China to allow the opium trade The First Opium War (1839-1842) The Chinese made no changes → British victory

The Impact of the First Opium War The Second Opium War (1856-1860) British fight again to open trade further Hong Kong and British takeover of Chinese trade France, Germany, and Russia get similar rights Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan Two Japanese invasions Qing dynasty for technological change, not political The Boxer Rebellion – expel all foreigners and reform Europeans crush and the Empress Dowager Cixi aligns with the Westerners

The Fall of the Qing Dynasty Late 1800s – secret societies of scholar-gentry to end the Qing Dynasty Educated in European history and philosophy Wanted western reforms: western education and nation Hostile to foreigners Cutting Queues, demonstrations and sabotage Cixi's death and Puyi (1908) The Revolution of 1911 Students and military join forces after Qing take a loan from westerners Puyi deposed The Republic of China → President Sun Yat-Sen

Marxism in China The Warlord Era (1911-1928) May 4th Movement (1919) WWI – Japan gets part of China and China get nothing Massive demonstrations and an attempt to unite the country under Republicanism Not possible in the Warlord Era with mass starvation and huge peasantry Russian Revolution (1917) Maoism = the new Leninism = most change Communist secret society → Communist Party (1921) led by Mao Zedong Sun Yet-Sen → Nationalist Party of China

The Causes of the Chinese Civil War The Nationalist Party Strategy to control the country Focus on a strong army to end the Warlord Era Unify China under the central government and focus on foreign affairs → famine and disease for the people Alliance with Communists to help unify China (1924) Soviet aid Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) – head of the military academy and upset about the alliance, but knows it is needed 1925 – Sun dies and Chiang seizes power Continue to unite the country through war and money Severs ties with the communists and tries to exterminate them (1927)

The Chinese Civil War Phase 1 (1927-1936) World War II (1937-1945) Nationalists in the cities The Long March (1937) World War II (1937-1945) Chiang forced by military to ally with the communists Communists = superior at fighting = guerrilla tactics → control more land + increased membership Nationalists = supplied by USA → failed at fighting the Japanese + tried to defeat communists Phase 2 (1946-1950) = fight for ex-Japanese lands Mao's uplifting message = land reform, education, and health care + harsh penalties for wrong behavior → 85% support and control of Manchuria

The Aftermath of the Chinese Civil War October 1949 – Chiang and his armies fled to Taiwan Proclaimed the Republic of China as the real China and got to keep their seat and membership in the UN Mao proclaimed the People's Republic of China as the real China The Cold War Each china takes a side Republicans in USA = “Truman lost China” McCarthyism NSC-68 Truman pressured to act more forcefully in Korea Stalin favored the weaker Nationalists and was shocked by the communist victory → 30 year alliance

The Korean War With the Japanese gone, US and USSR refuse to leave – 38th parallel 1949 – communist and Syngman Rhee June 24, 1950 – Independent NK invasion June 27, 1950 – American forces UN – Soviet Boycott from security council General Douglas MacArthur and UN army Into North Korea

The Korean War Phase II Chinese Intervention Back to the 38th parallel - stalemate MacArthur vs. Truman Bombing Chinese and public letters – “There is no substitute for victory” Negotiations until 1953 But…negotiations continue No clear victory for either side, fear of World War III USA = containment accomplished China = enhanced prestige Korea = a divided people with refugees, bitterness and resentment

The Superpowers in Asia After the loss of China and stalemate in Korea USA focus on Japan 1948 – economic aid → eventual economic success 1950 – Korean War → Japanese National Police Reserve authorized 1951 – treaty ending allied occupation to start May 1952, but US military bases remain (in SK too) Divided politics in Japan Strong military and economic ties to the USA Against USA remaining and rearmament → for unarmed neutrality → usually lost elections 1954 – Japanese Ground Self-defense Force USA, USSR and PRC = high military budgets and tensions