What kind of trees are in bloom in this orchard? I. Describe grafting techniques. What kind of trees are in bloom in this orchard?

What kind of trees are in bloom in this orchard? I. Describe grafting techniques. What kind of trees are in bloom in this orchard? Almonds! BUT… did you know every tree actually has the trunk and roots of a peach tree?

Grafting I. Describe grafting techniques. Grafting: Connecting 2 pieces of living plant material together to form a single plant

Grafting Grafting: Scion= New plant material I. Describe grafting techniques. Grafting: Scion= New plant material Rootstock= old plant material

Grafting Benefits of Grafting: I. Describe grafting techniques. Benefits of Grafting: Increase the strength and disease resistance of roots Peach trees have stronger roots that are more resistant to root rot than almond tree roots Several Varieties grown on one tree/bush Apple trees with 2-3 varieties of apple Rose bushes with multiple colors of roses

Grafting Types of Grafts: Wedge Graft Saw Kerf Graft I. Describe grafting techniques. Types of Grafts: Wedge Graft Saw Kerf Graft

Grafting Types of Grafts: Whip & Tongue Graft I. Describe grafting techniques. Types of Grafts: Whip & Tongue Graft

Grafting I. Describe grafting techniques. Budding: Grafting technique where only a single bud is transferred

What is Genetic Engineering? Does it apply to plants? How?

GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering can harness the biological machinery of bacteria and viruses to… Manufacture otherwise hard-to-obtain plant products. Combat genetically caused diseases. Improve tolerance of plants to adverses. Attain other similar commendable goals. For plant improvement, it changes the genetic makeup of plants, without breeding or selection. Its main advantage is that it makes possible the transfer of genes between completely unrelated plants or bacteria. In rare cases, even from animals to plants.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING In commercial horticultural production, research has centered mainly on vegetable and fruit crop genetic engineering. With a limited amount on flowers and other crops. Although genetically engineered crops are in widespread cultivation, most are not horticultural.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Generally, genetic engineering of horticultural crops has focused on Imparting disease and pest resistance. Imparting resistance to herbicides. Extending the length of product shelf life. Altering color. In flowers. Imparting cold-temperature resistance. In strawberries and eucalyptus trees.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING One of the best known genetically engineered horticultural crops is the ‘Flavr Savr’ tomato. Engineered to retain a firm texture longer than normal. Tomatoes destined for fresh eating must be hand-harvested to prevent bruising. Unlike canning tomatoes that can be harvested mechanically—a less expensive process. Fresh tomatoes must also be transported quickly and with careful packaging. To ensure that they arrive at the supermarket in an attractive condition, appealing to the buyer.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING The ‘Flavr Savr’ inhibits expression of the genetic material that causes fruit to soften when it ripens. The softening part of ripening is slowed, although the flavor continues to develop. This allows mechanical harvesting, increased transport time, and longer fresh shelf life in the supermarket.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING A second genetically engineered crop receiving widespread attention is a Thompson Seedless grape variety engineered to be virus resistant. One of the most commonly cultivated table grapes. Also a component of blended wines.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Scientists hope that genetically engineered virus resistance will reduce the expense of chemicals, and their entry into the environment. Because it will no longer be necessary to spray to prevent the disease. At present, only papaya & squash have been engineered successfully for virus resistance and put into field production.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Some opponents of genetic engineering fear it could upset the ecosystem in unknown ways. They feel that the accelerated pace of genetic change could inundate the environment with bizarre plants, causing an unstable ecological situation. Some organic farmers fear a biological pesticide, which they use to control infestations of worms, will no longer be effective due to insect resistance as a result of widespread incorporation in many crops. Bacillus thuringiensis, is the source of genetic material put into plants to cause their cells to produce an insect poison.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved a number of genetically engineered plants. Over 3 million acres of genetically engineered corn, cotton, and potatoes were planted in the U.S. in 1997. A class-action suit has been filed against the EPA by thirty-one groups who charge that the EPA has been negligent in its approval of genetically engineered crops.

Review What are the brown, rice shaped structures that you can see in this cross section of a Rudbeckia flower?

What stage of growth is this plant in? Review What stage of growth is this plant in? Reproductive Vegetative

What stage of growth is this plant in? Review What stage of growth is this plant in? Reproductive Vegetative