CHAPTER 19 THE SECOND TURNING POINT: GETTYSBURG, VICKSBURG, & CHATTANOOGA Bethany Zelusky

The Gettysburg Campaign Lee hoped to invade the North, especially PA, for farmland and supplies. Stripped the PA countryside of horses, livestock, and food. Promised to pay stores with Confederate money. Bought shoes and clothing Levied tribute on merchants and banks Rounded up black people and sent them south Claimed they were escaped slaves

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863). Union Commander: George G. Meade Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee July 1 st Confederates close in quickly on Gettysburg. Small amount of Union forces had to hold CSS off until reinforcements came. Union 11 th Corps take position in Northern part of town. Lee arrives mid-afternoon Commands Ewell to take Cemetery Hill, if he can Ewell decides not to attack

July 2 nd Union took position in a fishhook shape, while Confederates are positioned in a concave line. Longstreet made a primary assault on Union left, while Ewell attacked on Cemetery and Culps Hills Sickle (Union) advanced his corps to Emmitsburg Rd, leaving Little Round Top undefended Union held onto Little Round Top; Sickle driven back to the Peach Orchard, the Wheat Field, & Devils Den CSS gives up attack by dusk

July 3 CSS held some Union trenches on Culps Hill Union reinforcements drove CSS off Cemetery Hill & stopped near Culps Hill Lee decided on an assault on the Union center 1:00 p.m. Picketts Charge – CSS & Union exchange heavy fire until the Union stopped firing and CSS thought the Union artillery was disabled CSS approached and Union ran forward & attacked Quote Pg 356 Video

July 4 th Quote Pg 358 Lee began to retreat to Virginia Union follows and corners them Night of July 13 th – 14 th CSS escaped across the river Quote Pg. 358

The Fall of Vicksburg Union Commander: Grant Confederate Commander: General Pemberton Since the unsuccessful assault on May 22, the Union tightened their lines around the city Confederates became very low on supplies Mass starvation, no artillery Quote Pg 359 & 360 July 4 th – Vicksburg garrison surrenders Quotes Pg 361

Joseph Johnston Rounded up men to fight against the Union July 4 th – Shermans troops go after Johnstons army July 16 th – Johnston withdrew & left central Mississippi to the Union Quote Pg 359

The Fall of Port Hudson Union General Banks besieged Fort Hudson Tried 2 assaults that didnt work May 27 th and June 14 th Decided to starve out the Confederate Garrison July 8 th – Confederates surrendered Mississippi River completely under Union control Quote Pg 361

The Confederates Retreat from Tennessee Braggs army retreats from Tennessee June 23 rd – Rosecrans began to move the Union army through the Cumberland Foothills Calvary & 1 Infantry corps to the West Gap & 3 corps to the other Gaps Confederates surprised & Bragg is forced to Tullahoma then again to Chattanooga Union began toward Chattanooga September 9 th – Bragg evacuates

The Battle of Chickamauga Bragg sent deserters to trick Rosecrans into thinking CSS is retreating, causing Rosecrans to decide to move his army. September 18 th – CSS tried to cut Union off from their base September 19 th – CSS attacks forced Union to contract their lines CSS cut off 2 Union divisions from the rest of the Union army Rosecrans fled to Chattanooga Quote Pg 363

Thomas (Union) kept 2/3 of the army fighting and formed a new line At night, they withdrew toward Chattanooga Quote Pg 365 Confederate tactical victory Confederate casualties = 18,455 Union casualties = 16,170

The Battles for Chattanooga October 27 th – 2 columns of Union army marched to attack CSS outposts guarding roads to the ferry Union brigade drifted downriver to Browns Ferry Grant commands Shermans 4 divisions to attack the North end of the ridge, Hookers 3 divisions to force their way over or around Lookout Mountain and cross the valley to Missionary Ridge to attack the CSS, & Thomass army to prevent CSS reinforcements from being sent Quote Pg 366

The War & Foreign Policy, 1863 Napoleon III talked with pro-Confederate members of the British Parliament about a movement to recognize the South. John Roebuck was selected to present the motion to British Parliament, but Parliament became angry at the idea of following French leadership. Quote Pg 369

The Laird Rams James D. Bulloch went to England to buy or build warships for the Confederacy. Under Englands Neutrality Act of 1819, it was forbidden to equip, furnish, fit out, or arm warships to be used against any nation with which Britain was at peace. Bulloch found a way around the law and built the commerce raiders, Florida and the Alabama. The British government later found out, but Bulloch continued to build the ships there but not arm them while in England. Later, the British government took the ships and purchased them for use in the Royal Navy.

Intrigues in Mexico 1863 – Confederacy would recognize the French- controlled regime in Mexico if the French recognized the Confederacy. Napoleon III didnt want to risk a war with the U.S