BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 7 PAGES 239-247

Standard: _____ Explain the basic process of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes 4.10

Essential Question: 1. Why is the sequence of nucleotides on DNA molecules so important?

I. Genes The double helix shape of ______ explains how DNA can be copied but not what a gene is. REMEMBER GENES? DNA

Gene = coded pieced of _____ that controls the production of ________ within a cell What do proteins have to do with traits? protein = a macromolecule needed for the survival of an _________ proteins control what our traits are DNA proteins organism

What kinds of things can proteins control? growth, ____________, ________, repair to cell structures, etc. PROTEINS ARE THE KEYS TO LIFE AND DETERMINE WHAT AN ORGANISM LOOKS LIKE AND HOW THEY FUNCTION!!!! How do genes make proteins? the sequence of ______ in DNA is a _____ for making (synthesis) of proteins development enzymes bases code

this is why DNA is called a _______ code Why is DNA also called a “universal” code? _________________________________ How does the “genetic code” get decoded and made into proteins? _____ genetic All organisms have same type of code but differ in sequence and amount of nucleotides RNA

II. RNA (ribonucleic acid) = a single stranded ________ acid that contains the sugar ribose and is responsible for protein synthesis nucleic

DNA is _______ stranded but RNA is ______ stranded A. DNA vs. RNA: 4 differences DNA is _______ stranded but RNA is ______ stranded 2. DNA contains the sugar ____________ but RNA contains the sugar ______ 3. DNA contains the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). RNA contains adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and _____ (U). double single deoxyribose ribose uracil

4. DNA must stay within the ________ but RNA can and will move from the nucleus into the __________. cytoplasm

B. Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) = carries instructions for how to make ________ from the DNA in the nucleus to the _________ in the cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) = brings ______ acids to the ribosome in the correct order so that they can be built into new ________ Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) = RNA that with several proteins makes up the structures of a _________ proteins ribosome amino proteins ribosome

Transcription = the process of transferring ___________ from a strand of _____ to a strand of _____. STEPS: 1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence of DNA to unwind and separate DNA RNA polymerase = an enzyme that binds to _____ and begins transcription information DNA RNA DNA

promoter = specific _____ sequence of DNA that indicates to RNA polymerase where to begin transcription base

2. One strand of DNA acts as a ________ 3 2. One strand of DNA acts as a ________ 3. Free floating RNA ___________ combine forming a strand that is ______________ to the template strand. template nucleotides complementary

4. The pre-mRNA is edited by removing the _______ introns = pieces of _____ that do not code for proteins 5. The remaining pieces of RNA, known as exons, are ______________ together to form the completely complementary strand of RNA known as mRNA exons = DNA sequences that _____ for proteins introns DNA spliced (joined) code

*** What would be the base sequence of mRNA if DNA is CGT AAT TGC GCA?*** mRNA = GCA UUA ACG CGU

D. Translation = the decoding of the _______ message into a _______ Translation occurs on __________. If proteins are to be built, ______ acids from the cytoplasm must be brought to the ribosome. Remember, amino acids are the ___________ of proteins. There are ___ different types of amino acids. polypeptide = long chains of _______ acids joined together mRNA protein ribosomes amino monomers 20 amino

STEPS: mRNA leaves the ________ where it is made and goes to a _________ ribosomes are located either on the ______ ER or in the __________ 2. Once the mRNA is bound to the ribosome, the mRNA is “read” 1 ______ at a time. codon = a set of __ consecutive nucleotides that specify a specific ______ acid nucleus ribosome rough cytoplasm codon 3 amino

3. Each codon has a complementary ___________ which is found on tRNA 3. Each codon has a complementary ___________ which is found on tRNA. For every codon read, tRNA attaches the anticodon. anticodon = complementary base sequence to the _____ codon 4. Attached to the other end of the _____ is an _______ acid. When tRNA binds to mRNA, amino acids can be bonded together with ________ bonds until a ___________ or protein forms. anti-codon mRNA tRNA amino peptide polypeptide

5. When a _____ codon is reached, the ribosome releases the newly formed polypeptide and the mRNA molecule. This completes the process of translation. The end result of translation is the formation of the large variety of ________ that make up the structure of organisms and help them to ________. stop proteins function

*** What would the mRNA, tRNA, and amino acid sequence be if DNA is TAC AAC TTT?*** mRNA = AUG UUG AAA tRNA = UAC AAC UUU proteins = methionine leucine lysine *** READ CODONS***

The genetic code matches each RNA codon with its amino acid or function.