1. Transcription and Translation
Protein Synthesis
Transcription and Translation

2. DNA DNA never leaves the nucleus
DNA is the master copy of the directions a cell needs to live so it needs to be protected

3. RNA
RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive
RNA: ribonucleic acid
You can always make more RNA so it’s ok if it gets destroyed (You can’t make more DNA!!!)

4. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA How Many Strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit
Nucleotide with Deoxyribose Sugar
Nucleotide with Ribose Sugar
Bases
Thymine
Adenine T-A
Guanine G-C
Cytosine
Uracil
Adenine U-A

5. Transcription
Transcription is the process by which: RNA is made from one gene in DNA.
A gene is a stretch of DNA that codes for a trait.
This occurs in the nucleus of the cell. DNA never leaves the nucleus!
RNA is the nucleic acid that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive.

6. Transcription

7. Steps of Transcription
1. Initiation: RNA Polymerase busts open the DNA and attaches to a specific region called the promoter. Once this happens, the DNA unwinds and separates.
2. Elongation: Complementary RNA nucleotides are added to one of the DNA strands.
3. Termination: RNA Polymerase reaches a termination signal, and releases from DNA and new mRNA strand.

8. Steps of Transcription

9. Review of Transcription
Transcription happens in the nucleus. An RNA copy of a gene is made.
Then the mRNA that has been made moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm
Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA is used to make a protein
Cytoplasm of cell
Nucleus
DNA
mRNA

10. Editing Process
Introns are removed and exons are put together leading to a variety of new combinations of RNA.
Intron: non-coding segment of DNA that is removed during editing
Exon: sequence of DNA that codes for protein synthesis

11. Editing Process

12. Translation Translation is the process in which proteins are made.
There are three kinds of RNA involved in this process
mRNA: holds the copied code from the DNA for protein
tRNA: has 3 bases that pair with mRNA and holds a specific amino acid
rRNA: brings in mRNA and tRNA with amino acids and puts the protein together

13. Steps of Translation 1. INITIATION 2. ELONGATION
The ribosome, mRNA, and tRNA bind together. (There are three binding sites for tRNA on the ribosome: A, P, and E.)
Codon: 3 base sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
Anticodon: 3 base sequence on tRNA that is complementary to codon
2. ELONGATION
tRNA decodes the mRNA and brings in amino acids to build proteins.
The protein is put together as the tRNA molecules bring in amino acids.

14. Ribosome Structure 14

15. Steps of Translation 3. TERMINATION 4. DISASSEMBLY
The process stops when a stop codon is reached.
4. DISASSEMBLY
The ribosome falls apart, and the newly made protein is released to go work in the cell.

16. Translation

17. TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION

18. Practice
DNA: TAC TCG GGG CGC ATC CAA GAG
mRNA:
tRNA:
Amino Acids:

19. Practice DNA: TAC TCG GGG CGC ATC CAA GAG
mRNA: AUG AGC CCC GCG UAG GUU CUC
tRNA:
Amino Acids:

20. Practice DNA: TAC TCG GGG CGC ATC CAA GAG
mRNA: AUG AGC CCC GCG UAG GUU CUC
tRNA: UAC UCG GGG CGC AUC CAA GAG
Amino Acids:

21. Practice DNA: TAC TCG GGG CGC ATC CAA GAG
mRNA: AUG AGC CCC GCG UAG GUU CUC
tRNA: UAC UCG GGG CGC AUC CAA GAG
Amino Met-Ser-Pro-Ala-Stop
Acids: