1. BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 7 PAGES 239-247

2. Standard:
_____ Explain the basic process of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes
5.10

3. Essential Question: 1. Why is the sequence of nucleotides on DNA
molecules so important?

4. I. Genes
The double helix shape of ______ explains how DNA can be copied but not what a gene is.
REMEMBER GENES?
DNA

5. Gene = coded pieced of _____ that controls the production of ________ within a cell
What do proteins have to do with traits?
protein = a macromolecule needed for the survival of an _________
proteins control
what our traits are
DNA
proteins
organism

6. What kinds of things can proteins control?
growth, ____________, ________, repair to cell structures, etc.
PROTEINS ARE THE KEYS TO LIFE AND DETERMINE WHAT AN ORGANISM LOOKS LIKE AND HOW THEY FUNCTION!!!!
How do genes make proteins?
the sequence of ______ in DNA is a _____ for making (synthesis) of proteins
development
enzymes
bases
code

7. this is why DNA is called a _______ code
Why is DNA also called a “universal” code?
_________________________________
How does the “genetic code” get decoded and made into proteins?
_____
genetic
All organisms have same type of
code but differ in sequence and
amount of nucleotides
RNA

9. II. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
= a single stranded ________ acid that contains the sugar ribose and is responsible for protein synthesis
nucleic

10. DNA is _______ stranded but RNA is ______ stranded
A. DNA vs. RNA: 4 differences
DNA is _______ stranded but RNA is ______ stranded
2. DNA contains the sugar ____________ but RNA contains the sugar ______
3. DNA contains the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). RNA contains adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and _____ (U).
double
single
deoxyribose
ribose
uracil

11. 4. DNA must stay within the ________ but RNA can and will move from the nucleus into the __________.
cytoplasm

12. B. Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) = carries instructions for how to make ________ from the DNA in the nucleus to the _________ in the cytoplasm
Transfer RNA (tRNA) = brings ______ acids to the ribosome in the correct order so that they can be built into new ________
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) = RNA that with several proteins makes up the structures of a _________
proteins
ribosome
amino
proteins
ribosome

13. Transcription = the process of transferring ___________ from a strand of _____ to a strand of _____.
STEPS:
1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence of DNA to unwind and separate DNA
RNA polymerase = an enzyme that binds to _____ and begins transcription
information
DNA
RNA
DNA

14. promoter = specific _____ sequence of DNA that indicates to RNA polymerase where to begin transcription
base

15. 2. One strand of DNA acts as a ________ 3
2. One strand of DNA acts as a ________ 3. Free floating RNA ___________ combine forming a strand that is ______________ to the template strand.
template
nucleotides
complementary

16. 4. The pre-mRNA is edited by removing the _______
introns = pieces of _____ that do not code for proteins
5. The remaining pieces of RNA, known as exons, are ______________ together to form the completely complementary strand of RNA known as mRNA
exons = DNA sequences that _____ for proteins
introns
DNA
spliced (joined)
code

18. *** What would be the base sequence of mRNA if DNA is CGT AAT TGC GCA?***
mRNA = GCA UUA ACG CGU

19. D. Translation = the decoding of the _______ message into a _______
Translation occurs on __________. If proteins are to be built, ______ acids from the cytoplasm must be brought to the ribosome.
Remember, amino acids are the ___________ of proteins.
There are ___ different types of amino acids.
polypeptide = long chains of _______ acids joined together
mRNA
protein
ribosomes
amino
monomers 20
amino

22. STEPS:
mRNA leaves the ________ where it is made and goes to a _________
ribosomes are located either on the ______ ER or in the __________
2. Once the mRNA is bound to the ribosome, the mRNA is “read” 1 ______ at a time.
codon = a set of __ consecutive nucleotides that specify a specific ______ acid
nucleus
ribosome
rough
cytoplasm
codon 3
amino

25. 3. Each codon has a complementary ___________ which is found on tRNA
3. Each codon has a complementary ___________ which is found on tRNA. For every codon read, tRNA attaches the anticodon.
anticodon = complementary base sequence to the _____ codon
4. Attached to the other end of the _____ is an _______ acid. When tRNA binds to mRNA, amino acids can be bonded together with ________ bonds until a ___________ or protein forms.
anti-codon
mRNA
tRNA
amino
peptide
polypeptide

28. 5. When a _____ codon is reached, the ribosome releases the newly formed polypeptide and the mRNA molecule. This completes the process of translation.
The end result of translation is the formation of the large variety of ________ that make up the structure of organisms and help them to ________.
stop
proteins
function

31. *** What would the mRNA, tRNA, and amino acid sequence be if DNA is TAC AAC TTT?***
mRNA = AUG UUG AAA
tRNA = UAC AAC UUU
proteins =
methionine
leucine
lysine
*** READ CODONS***

32. The genetic code matches each RNA codon with its amino acid or function.