The Thirty Years’ War.

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Presentation transcript:

The Thirty Years’ War

Thirty Years’ War: Basic Facts Lasted 1618-1648 Bohemian Phase: 1618-1621 Danish Phase: 1621-1630 Swedish Phase: 1630-1632 French Phase: 1635-1648 Holy Roman Empire was the battleground Beginning: Protestants vs. Catholics End: Hapsburg power under assault Resolved by Peace of Westphalia

Ultimately involved all major European nations

Thirty Years’ War: Bohemian Phase Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia Bohemians hated him Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants Defenestration of Prague: May 1618 Bohemia named new king – Frederick Ferdinand II became Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II borrowed army from Bavaria Frederick lost his lands in the fighting Rebellion in Bohemia inspired others

Defenestration of Prague

Defenestration Building in Prague June 2009

Frederick: Temporary King of Bohemia (Winter King)

Bohemian Phase Heads of Bohemian Rebels Prague River Tower, 1621 1618-1621 Heads of Bohemian Rebels Prague River Tower, 1621

Thirty Years’ War: Danish Phase Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance Tried to crush Protestants in the North Ferdinand II used Wallenstein for army Wallenstein defeated Protestants in North Edict of Restitution: 1629 Outlawed Calvinism Required Protestants to return lands German princes began to fear Ferdinand II Wallenstein fired in effort to calm princes

King of Denmark and Norway 1577-1648 Danish Phase 1621-1630 Christian IV King of Denmark and Norway 1577-1648 King of Denmark and Norway 1577-1648

Wallenstein

Thirty Years’ War: Swedish Phase (1630-1632) France and Sweden now got involved Both wanted to stop Hapsburg power Sweden led the charge France provided support Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HRE Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein Swedish advance was stopped German princes still feared Ferdinand II Wallenstein assassinated to appease them

Gustavus Adolphus “The Lion of the North”

Gustavus Adolphus’ Signature

Thirty Years’ War: French Phase (1635-1648) All countries in Europe now participated This phase was most destructive German towns decimated Agriculture collapsed – famine resulted 8 million dead – 1/3 of population Caused massive inflation Trade was crippled throughout Europe

French Phase 1635-1648 Louis XIII Cardinal Richelieu 1585-1642

AND THE MISERIES OF THE THIRTY YEARS WAR JACQUES CALLOT (1592-1635) AND THE MISERIES OF THE THIRTY YEARS WAR The Hanging "The Miseries of War" (1632). Famous etcher "La Vie des Soldats" - The Large Miseries of War (1632-33) Large Miseries forms a story in panels. Shows recruitment of troops, battle, scenes of plunder and other crimes, then variety of punishments, hospital and dying soldiers, revenge by peasants, final scene distribution of legal rewards by prince. Expresses strong Christian view that wrongdoers will be punished directly by the Christian Prince or indirectly through the just actions of others (peasants' revenge). Expressed somewhat forlorn hope that in spite of chaos and lawlessness of 30 Years War, justice would triumph. The Hanging

Destruction of a Convent JACQUES CALLOT, Destruction of a Convent Destruction of a convent

Thirty Years’ War: Peace of Westphalia (1648) First modern peace treaty France gained Alsace-Lorraine Sweden received lands from the empire Swiss Confederation and Netherlands became independent German princes had rights reaffirmed Hapsburg power declined and shifted Would lead to rise of Prussia Would lead to Austro-Hungarian Empire

Gerard Terborch, The Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Artist was Eyewitness Dressed in brown