Sectionalism, Civil War, Reconstruction (1840s-1870s) First major challenges in the role of government

Sectionalism (starting around 1820s) The country begins to be divided over arguments such as slavery, economics, social differences, etc., causing issues over what the role of government should be. Should the central government make decisions or state governments? = called states’ rights. Should the central govt or states make decisions on issues of today? Gun laws, marijuana, same sex marriages?

Missouri compromise (1820) Missouri enters as a slave state Maine enters as a free state 36 30’ line established Will this be a fair compromise in the future?

Nullification crisis, 1832 In 1828 the Tariff of Abominations was passed. The South complained and South Carolina attempted to nullify the law in South Carolina. If they were not allowed to then South Carolina threatened to secede. Jackson threatened to use federal force if necessary against SC. What precedent does this set for future nullification of laws?

Compromise of 1850 California admitted as a free state* Stricter Fugitive slave law* No slave trade in Washington D.C.* Territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide on the slavery issue through Popular Sovereignty* Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute resolved: Texas paid $10 million by federal government* How does this change the rules of the earlier Missouri Compromise?

Compromise of 1850/Fugitive Slave Act By looking at the map, do you think this is a fair compromise?

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Slavery question would be decided by popular sovereignty (people decide), despite the fact that it is above the 36- 30 line. How do state’s rights apply to the idea of popular sovereignty?

Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision (1857) Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not and could never be citizens. Scott had no claim to freedom because he had lived as a slave in Missouri, and the court ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. How is the Constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise related to the Dred Scott case?

Emancipation Proclamation (1863) Abraham Lincoln declared that all slaves in rebellious states would be freed. Also stated that freed slaves could join the Union’s army By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln changed the focus of the war to one against slavery. Did Lincoln have the power to declare the slaves in rebellious states free if they thought they were a separate country? Why?

Plans for Reconstruction (Post-Civil War) Plans for Reconstruction of the South*: Lincoln’s 10% Plan* - Confederate states would be allowed to join the union as soon as 10% of the population swore allegiance to the Union. Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction* - very Lenient, favorable to the South. Originally promised to follow Lincoln’s plan, but ended up more conciliatory toward Southern states and ignored the freedmen Military Reconstruction Act* - 1867, put the South under military rule, divided South into 5 military districts under marshall law, required states to allow all male voters, including African Americans, required southern states to guarantee equal rights to all citizens, and required the states to ratify the 14th Amendment. Describe at least one pro and one con to being lenient (nice) to the Southern states who were responsible for the Civil War. (compare this to WWI treatment of Germany)

Amendments Dealing with Freed Slaves 13th Amendment* (1865) Outlawed slavery in the United States. 14th Amendment* (1868) Gave freed slaves citizenship and equal protection under the law 15th Amendment* (1870) no citizen can be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or servitude. Which of the Reconstruction Amendments do you think is most important and why?

Jim Crow Laws Voting Restrictions* : Various methods of keeping African Americans from voting, including: Poll tax: a special fee that must be paid before a person can vote. Grandfather Clause* - Could only vote if your Grandfather had voted in a previous election. Literacy Tests* - a test administered before voting that required them to read a portion of the U.S. Constitution. Segregation* - Legal separation of the races. Jim Crow laws were passed by state and local governments. Explain how this represents another issue of states vs. central government power.