Unit 11 Wildlife Management Determine the relationship between wildlife and the environment and approved practices in managing wildlife enterprises. Unit text is not visible

Introduction Wildlife: animals adapted to living in a natural environment without the help of humans Human activities: resulting in damaged or destroyed habitat Many species require management Some success with habitat restoration efforts

Characteristics of Wildlife Vertebrate (backbone) animals Many human qualities Growth processes Laws of heredity General cell structure

Characteristics of Wildlife (cont’d.) Overpopulation Disease outbreaks, starvation, and waste disposal problems Wildness Survivability Adaptability to food and environment Other natural population control Defending territories Slowed reproduction rate

Wildlife Relationships Parasitism: one organism feeds on another but does not kill it Mutualism: two animals live together to mutual benefit Predation: one animal eats another

Wildlife Relationships (cont’d.) Commensalism: a plant or an animal lives in, on, or with another, sharing food but causing no harm Competition: different species of wildlife compete for the same food supply, cover, or nesting or breeding sites

Relationships between Humans and Wildlife Types Biological Ecological Economic Moved text down; changed b in between to lowercase

Relationships between Humans and Wildlife (cont’d.) Positive values Commercial Recreational Biological Aesthetic Scientific Social Changed b in between to lowercase

Hot Topics in Agriscience Supplemental feeding of wildlife Controversial practice Balancing act: keeping wildlife wild and keeping wildlife alive Factors to consider: animals’ threat to private property or public safety; population recovery prospects; and impact on later food supplies

Classifications of Wildlife Management Farm Forest Wetlands Stream Lakes and ponds Moved text down

Science Connection Population dynamics Population: group of individuals of a species that lives in a specific area “Dynamics”: factors that cause changes in a population Affect animal behavior and the number of animals in a population Biologists’ studies: predict what changes may take place within a population over time Factors: number of births and deaths, movement, predation, disease, competition for resources, etc. Changed live to “lives”; changed Affects to Affect; deleted “and” preceding “competition”

Approved Practices in Wildlife Management Farm wildlife Usually by-product of farming or ranching: often little attention until crop damage, financial loss Wildlife proponents: plant food plots Much of the management: providing suitable habitat for living, growth, and reproduction Importance of timing of farming operation Moved text down

Approved Practices in Wildlife Management (cont’d.) Farming Hunting has little impact on spring populations Hunting preserves’ wildlife management practices: differ drastically Moved text down

Hot Topics in Agriscience Environmental cleanup–BioTiger™ Microbes that break down oil-based materials to carbon dioxide and other harmless products Cleanup applications for oil spills: from ships and tanker trucks; on driveways, in contaminated soil, etc.

Agri-Profile Career areas: Wildlife biologist/manager/officer Wildlife biologists: work with fish and game species living in habitats such as land, freshwater streams, etc.; Masters- or Doctorate-level biology degrees Wildlife managers: Associate- or Bachelor-level degrees; work in government agencies, advising land owners and managing game populations on public lands Moved Wildlife biologist . . . Up to follow Career areas, initial capped Wildlife; changed Master to Masters; hyphenated Masters-, Doctorate-level, Associate-, Bachelor-level

Approved Practices in Wildlife Management (cont’d.) Forest wildlife Factors impacting numbers and types: forest trees’ types/ages, tree density, natural forest openings, forest floor vegetation types, and natural predators Practices geared toward establishing and maintaining desired species Moved text down

Approved Practices in Wildlife Management (cont’d.) Forest wildlife Steps in management plan: Take a wildlife inventory Develop forest use goals Determine carrying capacity and habitat management Requirements: food, water, and cover Overpopulation: natural losses or heavier hunting recommended Moved text down

Approved Practices in Wildlife Management (cont’d.) Wetlands wildlife Wetlands: critical land type; provide food, nesting sites, and cover Types of practices: impounding water; managing plant life; establishing surrounding grassy areas; providing artificial nesting sites; and raising species in captivity Moved text down

Approved Practices in Wildlife Management (cont’d.) Stream wildlife General categories: warm water and cold water Basic management plans’ principles Most target fish Must manage streams properly Maintain desired species Balance species with food supply Important related practices: effective erosion control; stream-side forestation maintenance Moved text down

Approved Practices in Wildlife Management (cont’d.) Lake and pond wildlife Practices similar to those for stream wildlife Pollution control Manage and maintain desired species Harvest and use to ensure future Unique qualities Water oxygen levels sometimes critical (summer) More variable water temperatures Contained water Moved text down; changed Lakes and ponds to Lake and pond

Science Profile Alaskan adventure Experiences of an FFA member following high school graduation Kenai Lake Work Center volunteer Scientific observations and data collection: studied moose, mountain sheep, etc.

The Future of Wildlife in the United States Uncertain due to competition with humans Promising events Careful management practices: balance wildlife/human needs Refining management practices: supported by scientific findings Reducing pollution and cleanup efforts Studying impact prior to new construction Placing more emphasis on resources management Moved text down; changed clean up to one word: cleanup

Science Connection Lead poisoning in waterfowl Shotgun shells with lead shot Problem eliminated: replaced lead shot with steel shot