1. Biology Notes Ecology Part 3 Pages 431-447 484-505

2. Standards
____ Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession ____ Analyze how population size is determine by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity ____ Evaluate the costs and benefits of renewable and nonrenewable resources, such as water, energy, fossil fuels, wildlife, and forests
6.2
6.4
6.5

3. ____ Recognize the consequences of the losses of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate change, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species
____ Predict the impact of individuals on environmental systems and examine how human lifestyles affect sustainability
____ Discuss the need for adequate monitoring of environmental parameters when making policy decisions
6.6
6.7
6.8

4. Essential Questions: 1. 2. 3. How do communities change?
How do communities change?
How do humans impact the environment?
How can we minimize negative human impact on the environment?

5. I. Ecological Community Interactions Community = a group of organisms from different ___________ that live in the same area e.g.
populations
beach community

6. Interactions Within Communities:
1. Competition = the interaction that occurs among __________ of the same __________ when an attempt to use the same ________ at the same time is made
e.g.
2. Predation = the interaction that occurs among __________ of the same ___________ when one organism ______ and feeds on a different _________
organisms
community
resource
bird nests
organisms
community
hunts
organism
snake & mouse

7. 3. Symbiosis = the interaction that occurs among __________ of the same __________ when they live _________ a. mutualism = symbiosis in which both organisms ______ e.g.
organisms
community
together
thrive
barnacle & whale / shark & remoras

8. b. commensalism = symbiosis in which one organism _______ and the other organism is neither _______ nor harmed
e.g. human eyelash mites
c. parasitism = symbiosis in which one organism _______ and the other organism is _______
host = the organism being _______
parasites do not kill their _____ because it is their source of ________
e.g.
thrives
helped
thrives
harmed
harmed
host
survival
dogs & heart worms

9. II. Ecological Succession: When Communities Change
Succession = the natural ________ in community that take place due to _________ or human ____________
Succession in any community will continue until a _______ community is reached
Climax community = the stable ___________ in which there is little _______
changes
disasters
interference
climax
community
change

10. When succession occurs, _________ would be very strong because the _____________ would be changing and nature would be ___________ new “winners” and “losers”
evolution
environment
selecting

11. Types Of Succession:
1. Primary Succession = succession that occurs in _______ where no ____ exists
e.g.
pioneer species = the first ________ to inhabit an area
lichens are usually the pioneer species and are made up of ______ and ______
lichens can grow on bare ________ and help break up _______
areas
life
Icebergs, after volcanic eruptions
species
algae
fungi
surfaces
rocks

13. 2. Secondary Succession = succession that takes place after ______________ disturbances or natural __________ that disrupts a ____________
e.g.
secondary succession will continue until the ________ community is reached
The resulting new climax community may differ from the original climax ___________
environmental
disasters
community
forest fire, hurricane
climax
community

15. III. Population Growth: Promoting Environmental Change
A. Populations Increase in Growth:
The _____ rate is higher than the ______ rate (e.g. __________)
Immigration = the movement of individuals _____ an area
birth
death
after wars
into

16. B. Populations Decrease in Growth:
The ______ rate is higher than the _____ rate (e.g. ___________)
Emigration = the movement of individuals ____ of an area
death
birth
during wars
out

17. C. Types of Population Growth LINEAR

18. EXPONENTIAL

19. exponential growth = when individuals in a ___________ reproduce at a constant ____
logistic growth = the growth that occurs in a __________ whose growth has slowed down or ________
e.g.
population
rate
population
stopped
USA

20. Carrying capacity (K) = the largest number of ___________ that an environment can support
individuals

21. D. Limits on Population Growth:
Limiting Factor = a biotic or abiotic ______ that causes a population to _________
Types of Limiting Factors:
density-dependent limiting factor = a type of limiting factor that depends on ___________ size
competition for ___________
e.g.
factor
decrease
population
resources
territorial bears

22. 2. density-independent limiting factor = a type of limiting factor that affects all ___________ the same regardless of _____
natural disasters e.g.
human activity e.g.
populations
size
hurricane
deforestation

23. IV. Consequences of Human Overpopulation Natural resource = any part of the environment that can be used by ________ for their benefit 1. Renewable resource = natural __________ that can be regenerated or ____________ by biogeochemical cycles e.g. 2. Non-renewable resource = a natural resource that _______ be replaced by natural __________
humans
resources
replenished
water & wind
cannot
processes
fossil fuels

25. Pollution = the ____________ of any part of the environment by an excess of ________ materials
with greater ___________ and a larger human population ________, there also exists an _________ in the amount of pollution
destruction
harmful
technology
demand
increase

26. MAJOR POLLUTION CAUSED BY HUMANS: a
MAJOR POLLUTION CAUSED BY HUMANS: a. Land: ____________, overflowing landfills & solid ______ sites, __________________, ________ fragmentation b. Air: ______, acid rain, ______ depletion, _______ warming c. Water: _______________________, raw waste & ______________
deforestation
waste
introduced species
habitat
smog
ozone
global
biological magnification
eutrophication

28. POLLUTION AFFECTS NATURE’S ANIMAL & PLANT POPULATIONS BY:
Loss of ___________ which results in a decrease of _________, crops, and other genetic variation
__________ and __________ species
biodiversity
resources
extinction
non-native

29. HOW CAN YOU HELP?
1. Conservation = the wise management of natural _________ including the preservations of _______ and wildlife
focus on preserving ____________ not just species
have biodiversity “____ spots” where land development cannot take place
Endangered Species Act _____
promote recycling and conservation of __________
resources
plants
communities
hot
1973
resources

30. promote political movements and groups like Earth ______
2. Sustainable Development = the use of __________ at a rate that does not ________ them
First!
resources
deplete