1. Ch 8 and 9 Review

2.  All the members of a species living in the same place at the same time.  population

3.  The number of individuals per unit area or volume.  A populations’ density

4.  The relative distribution or arrangement of its individuals within a given amount of space.  dispersion

5.  How do scientists use properties such as size, density, and dispersion when referring to populations?  To predict changes within them

6.  How does a population gain or lose individuals?  Birth, death, emigration, and immigration

7.  A change in the size of a population over a given period of time.  Growth rate

8.  How can the growth rate for a population be zero?  The number of births must equal the number of deaths.

9.  What does it mean to say that a populations’ growth rate is negative?  The population decreases

10.  How can populations remain stable when some species are capable of producing thousands of offspring?  Various factors kill individuals before they can reproduce

11.  The fastest rate at which a population can grow.  Biotic potential

12.  The maximum number of offspring that each member of a population can produce.  Reproductive potential

13.  In what 3 ways may reproductive potential increase?  1) when individuals produce more offspring at one time  2) reproduce more often  3) reproduce earlier

14.  The average time that it takes a member of the population to reach the age when it reproduces.  Generation time

15.  When in nature can exponential growth occur?  When populations have plenty of space and food. When they have little or no competition.

16.  What limits population growth?  Limited resources  Changes in the environment  Increased competition

17.  The maximum population that an ecosystem can support.  Carrying Capacity

18.  A natural resource that limits the carrying capacity for a species.  Limiting resource

19.  An area defended by one or more individuals against other individuals.  territory

20.  The unique role of a species within an ecosystem.  niche

21.  Where an organism lives.  habitat

22.  What are the five major types of species interactions?  Competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

23.  A relationship in which different individuals or populations attempt to use the same limited resource.  competition

24.  When does niche restriction occur?  When each species uses less of the niche than it is capable of using.

25.  An organism that feeds on another organism.  predator

26.  The organism that is fed upon.  prey

27.  An organism that lives in or on another organism and feeds on it.  parasite

28.  A close relationship between two species in which each species provides a benefit to the other.  mutualism

29.  A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped.  commensalism

30.  If one species becomes extinct, and then soon after, another species becomes extinct, was their relationship most likely competition or predation?  Predation. One species consumed the other and then succumbed to extinction

31.  Scientists do not all agree on the specific carrying capacity of Earth for humans. Why might this be difficult to determine?  Different amounts of land is used by different countries for the production of meats, vegetables, and grains. You also have to include aquatic farms, ponds, and indoor green houses.

32. .  What determines how a species interaction is categorized?  Whether or not a species is benefited or harmed

33.  The study of human populations.  Demography

34.  Why do demographers study the size and makeup of populations of countries?  To make comparisons and predictions. Economic growth, social structure, job availability, resource management.

35.  How do demographers group countries?  As developed or developing

36.  What are 3 characteristics of a developed country?  Higher average incomes, slower population growth, diverse industrial economies

37.  What are 3 characteristics of a developing country?  Lower average incomes, simple and agriculture based economies, rapid population growth

38.  Why did the human population grow rapidly in the 1800’s?  Increases in food production  Improvements in hygiene

39.  The distribution of ages in a specific population at a certain time.  Age structure

40.  A double sided bar graph used to analyze population age structure.  Population pyramid

41.  Countries that have high rates of growth usually have more ________ people than ________ people.  Young, older

42.  Countries that have slow growth or no growth usually have an _________ distribution of ages.  even

43.  The percentage of members of a group that are likely to survive to any given age.  survivorship

44.  What is the difference between a type I and type II survivorship curve?  Type I represents wealthy countries where people live to an old age. Type II represents poor countries where many children die.

45.  The number of babies born each year per 1000 women in a population.  Fertility rate

46.  The average number of children a woman gives birth to in her lifetime.  Total fertility rate

47.  The movement of individuals between areas.  migration

48.  The movement of individuals into an area.  immigration

49.  The movement of individuals out of an area.  emigration

50.  The average number of years members of a population are likely to live.  Life expectancy

51.  Life expectancy is most affected by ____________.  Infant mortality

52.  What affects infant health more than anything else?  Access to education, food, fuel, and clean water.

53.  A model that describes how economic and social changes affect population growth rates.  Demographic transition

54.  What is the first stage of the demographic transition?  preindustrial

55.  What happened in the 1800’s that dramatically increased the human population by increasing the rate of survival but decreasing the birth rate?  The Industrial Revolution

56.  What two factors are most clearly related to a decline in birth rates?  Increasing education and economic independence for women

57.  The basic facilities and services that support a community, such as public water supplies, sewer lines, power plants, roads, schools, and hospitals.  Infrastructure

58.  Populations that have high rates of growth may create ____________ problems.  environmental

59.  What 3 resources are most critically affected by rapid growth?  Vegetation, water, land

60.  What is the main source of fuel in poor countries?  wood

61.  Why is water unsafe when a region lacks infrastructure?  The local water supply may be used for drinking, washing, and sewage disposal.

62.  Land that can be used to grow crops.  Arable land.

63.  The movement of people from rural areas to cities.  urbanization

64.  Small communities around cities.  suburbia

65.  The movement of people from cities to around cities that leads to traffic jams, inadequate infrastructure, and the reduction of land for farms and wildlife habitat.  Suburban sprawl

66.  How have China, Thailand, and India attempted to reduce birth rates?  Public advertising, family planning programs, economic incentives, legal punishments.

67.  Most demographers predict the medium growth rate and a world population of ________ in 2050.  9 billion