Chapter: Newton’s Laws of Motion Table of Contents Chapter: Newton’s Laws of Motion Section 1: Motion Section 2: Newton’s First Law Section 3: Newton’s Second Law Section 4: Newton’s Third Law

1. Distance- the entire path an object travels. Motion 1 A. Motion- a change in position 1. Distance- the entire path an object travels.

Motion 2 2. Displacement is the distance and direction between starting and ending positions.

Motion 3 3. Relative motion- an object’s position change is described in terms of a reference point.

Motion 4 B. Speed- distance traveled divided by the time needed to travel the distance, or speed= distance/time

1. Constant speed- speed is the same at any given moment in time. Motion 5 S=d/t t=d/s d=s x t 1. Constant speed- speed is the same at any given moment in time.

2. Speed at a particular instant in time is instantaneous speed. Motion 6 2. Speed at a particular instant in time is instantaneous speed.

1. Formula calculates average velocity. Motion 7 C. Velocity- displacement divided by time, or v= displacement/time. 1. Formula calculates average velocity.

2. Includes concept of direction as well as speed. 8 2. Includes concept of direction as well as speed.

Motion 9 D. Change in velocity divided by the time required for the change to occur is acceleration.

1. Acceleration occurs when an object slows down as well as speeds up. 10 1. Acceleration occurs when an object slows down as well as speeds up.

11 2. For an object traveling in a straight line, a change in speed can be used to calculate acceleration.

a. acceleration= (final speed-initial speed)/time Motion 12 Calculating Acceleration a. acceleration= (final speed-initial speed)/time

b. Initial speed is zero for objects at rest. 15 b. Initial speed is zero for objects at rest.

3. Turning or changing direction is also acceleration. Motion 16 3. Turning or changing direction is also acceleration.

Section Check 1 Question 1 Which is the distance and direction between starting and ending positions? A. acceleration B. displacement C. speed D. velocity

Section Check 1 Answer The answer is B. Displacement can be zero if you travel in a path that leads you back to where you started.

Question 2 Answer 1 Explain what is meant by relative motion. Section Check 1 Question 2 Explain what is meant by relative motion. Answer The position of an object is described relative to another object. Taking some other object as a reference point, we can say whether or not a given object is in motion.

Section Check 1 Question 3 What is calculated by figuring the displacement over time? A. acceleration B. average speed C. speed D. velocity

Answer 1 The correct answer is D. The formula for velocity is v = d/t. Section Check 1 Answer The correct answer is D. The formula for velocity is v = d/t.

A. Laws of motion are sets of rules first stated by Isaac Newton. Newton’s First Law 2 A. Laws of motion are sets of rules first stated by Isaac Newton.

Newton’s First Law 2 1.Force- a push or pull with size and direction. 2. Contact force involves objects touching each other.

Newton’s First Law 2 3. Long-range forces include gravity, magnetism, and electricity. 4. When scientists measure force, they use the newton, abbreviated N.

Newton’s First Law 2 B. First Law of motion- an object will remain at rest or move in a straight line with constant speed unless a force acts on it.

Newton’s First Law 2 1. Inertia measures an object’s tendency to remain at rest or keep moving.

Newton’s First Law 2 2. Inertia is related to mass; objects with more mass have more inertia.

C. Adding forces- sometimes more than one force acts on an object. Newton’s First Law 2 C. Adding forces- sometimes more than one force acts on an object.

Newton’s First Law 2 1. Balanced forces- forces that are equal but in opposite directions, canceling each other.

Newton’s First Law 2 2. If one force is greater than another, a change in motion will result from unbalanced forces.

3. An object acted on by an unbalanced force changes velocity. Newton’s First Law 2 3. An object acted on by an unbalanced force changes velocity.

Question 1 Answer 2 A force is a _______ or a _______. Section Check 2 Question 1 A force is a _______ or a _______. Answer Force is a push or a pull.

Section Check 2 Question 2 A force exerted between two objects that are not touching is known as _______. Answer The answer is a long-range force. Gravity is a long-range force; although we are not touching the Sun, our planet is being acted on by the Sun to keep it in orbit.

Section Check 2 Question 3 You try to push a desk across the floor one direction but a friend is trying to push it the opposite direction. As a result, the desk doesn’t move. This is an example of what kind of forces? A. balanced forces B. continuing forces C. extended forces D. unbalanced forces

Section Check 2 Answer The answer is A. When forces are balanced, the net force is zero.

Newton’s Second Law 3 A. Second law of motion- an object acted on by an unbalanced force will accelerate in the direction of the force.

Newton’s Second Law 3 1.

Newton’s Second Law 3 2. Force is equal to the combination of all forces, or the total force that acts on an object.

Newton’s Second Law 3 B. Second law can also be used to find force if mass and acceleration are known.

Newton’s Second Law 3 1. Near Earth’s surface, the force of gravity causes all objects to fall with the same acceleration-9.8 m/s2.

Newton’s Second Law 3 a. For any object that is falling, the force of gravity equals mass times acceleration due to gravity, or F=m x (9.8m/s2)

Newton’s Second Law 3 b. Because weight is the force of gravity on an object, an object’s weight equals mass times acceleration due to gravity, or weight=m x (9.8 m/s2)

2. Weight and mass are not the same thing. Newton’s Second Law 3 2. Weight and mass are not the same thing.

Newton’s Second Law 3 a. Weight changes when the acceleration due to gravity changes. b. Mass remains the same no matter what weight is.

Newton’s Second Law 3 C. Friction- a force that resists motion and is always present between two moving forces.

Newton’s Second Law 3 1. Static friction- keeps a stationary object from moving on a surface when a force is applied to the object.

Newton’s Second Law 3 2. Sliding friction- occurs when two surfaces slide past each other; slows down the moving object.

Newton’s Second Law 3 3. Rolling friction- friction between a surface and a wheel when the wheel rolls over the surface.

Newton’s Second Law 3 4. Air resistance- typical action of air molecules on a forward-moving object, slowing its motion.

Question 1 Answer 3 Explain Newton’s second law of motion. Section Check 3 Question 1 Explain Newton’s second law of motion. Answer Newton’s second law says that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force on it divided by its mass.

Section Check 3 Question 2 Which resists sliding motion between surfaces that are touching? A. air resistance B. friction C. gravity D. velocity

Section Check 3 Answer The answer is B. There are several types of friction including static friction, sliding friction, and rolling friction.

Section Check 3 Question 3 The gravitational force on a falling object with mass is _______. A. .98 m/s2 B. 9.8 m/s2 C. 19.8 m/s2 D. 190 m/s2

Section Check 3 Answer The answer is B. All objects at or near Earth’s surface are pulled toward Earth’s center with the same acceleration, 9.8 m/s2.

A. Third Law of motion- forces always act in equal but opposite pairs. Newton’s Third Law 4 A. Third Law of motion- forces always act in equal but opposite pairs.

Newton’s Third Law 4 Action and Reaction Forces 1. When a force is exerted on an object, the object exerts the same amount of force.

Newton’s Third Law 4 2. Third law of motion applies whether forces are contact or long-range.

Newton’s Third Law 4 B. Things move because action and reaction forces work on different objects.

1. Friction is a factor in the third law. Newton’s Third Law 4 1. Friction is a factor in the third law.

Newton’s Third Law 4 2. Using the second law equation, the object with the larger mass has the smaller acceleration if the same force is applied.

Newton’s Third Law 4 3. All objects in the universe exert a force on all others; however, differences in mass may make these forces unnoticeable.

Newton’s Third Law 4 C. The three laws of motion describe how any object moves when forces act on it.

Question 1 Answer 4 Explain Newton’s third law of motion. Section Check 4 Question 1 Explain Newton’s third law of motion. Answer The third law says that forces always act in equal but opposite pairs. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Section Check 4 Question 2 If they are “equal but opposite,” why don’t action and reaction forces cancel? Answer Action forces don’t cancel because they act on different objects. Equal and opposite forces acting on the same object would indeed cancel.

Section Check 4 Question 3 Every time you jump into the air, you push the Earth. Why doesn’t the Earth move as a result?

Section Check 4 Answer Earth is much more massive than you are. Therefore the force you exert on it, and the effect it has, is negligible.

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