EmbedDed Systems – MECT190 Caner ALP electronics Engineer Research Assistant

What ARE Embedded Systems? Software running on a device that is not ordinarily considered a computer Small number of dedicated tasks Domains: mobile computing, medical, automotive/aerospace, industrial control, home appliances, military, sensor networks, Cyber-Physical Systems, smart buildings...

A “Short List” of Embedded Systems Anti-lock brakes Cell phones Disk drives Fax machines Medical testing systems Auto-focus cameras On-board navigation Electronic card readers Fingerprint identifiers Modems Automatic teller machines Pagers Electronic instruments Home security systems Video phones MPEG decoders Photocopiers Printers Life-support systems Washers and dryers Network cards Plant control Satellite phones Teleconferencing Network switches/routers Point-of-sale systems Scanners Televisions Automatic toll systems Portable video games Smart ovens/dishwashers Temperature controllers Automatic transmission Cell-phone base stations Speech recognizers Theft tracking systems Avionic systems Cordless phones Stereo systems TV set-top boxes Battery chargers Cruise control Electronic toys/games VCR’s, DVD players Camcorders Digital cameras Factory control Video game consoles

A “Short List” of Embedded Systems

What are the challenges of developing embedded systems? limited resources: memory, power, CPU speed, bandwidth performance/responsiveness requirements real-time constraints usability software upgrades debugging unanticipated user environments reliability, availability, safety heterogeneity: hardware and software

How is “embedded systems programming” different from “regular” programming? need to consider constraints safety and performance are much more critical, even at the cost of reduced “internal quality” Must be real time

How does embedded systems design differ from “regular” software system design? Need to consider hardware as well as software; since the code is working directly for the hardware , software and hardware must be considered together.

Embedded Controllers General-purpose processors – more flexibility Application-specific instruction set processors (ASIP); microcontroller – low power and high performance Field programmable gate array (FPGA) – very high processing speeds and performance Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) – more performance, power efficiency Digital signal processor (DSP) – dedicated for signal processing

What is a Microcontroller? A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals, etc. The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters), etc.

Types of Microcontrollers Type can be classified according to the Core and number of bits. ARM – Cortex (M0, M3, M4, A7, etc..) *– core. usually 32 and 64(new generation) bits C28x – core. 32 bits. (Texas Instruments) 8051- core. 8 bits. * 80251 – core. 16 bits. * MSP430 – core. 16 bits. (Texas Instruments) AVR – core. 8 and 32 bits. (Arduino platform usually uses AVR chips from Atmel) C55x – DSP core. 16 bits (Texas Instruments) * All companies can produce microcontroller with these cores.

What is inside a microcontroller

Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller Microcontrollers are used to execute a single task within an application. Microprocessors are used for big applications. Its designing and hardware cost is low. Its designing and hardware cost is high. Easy to replace. Not so easy to replace. It is built with CMOS technology, which requires less power to operate. Its power consumption is high because it has to control the entire system. It consists of CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports. It doesn’t consist of RAM, ROM, I/O ports. It uses its pins to interface to peripheral devices.

What is a DSP? Digital Signal Processors (DSP) take real-world signals like voice, audio, video, temperature, pressure, or position that have been digitized and then mathematically manipulate them. A DSP is designed for performing mathematical functions like "add", "subtract", "multiply" and "divide" very quickly.

Inside a dsp

What's Inside a DSP? A DSP contains these key components: Program Memory: Stores the programs the DSP will use to process data Data Memory: Stores the information to be processed Compute Engine: Performs the math processing, accessing the program from the Program Memory and the data from the Data Memory Input/Output: Serves a range of functions to connect to the outside world

What is an FPGA? Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are semiconductor devices that are based around a matrix of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) connected via programmable interconnects. FPGAs can be reprogrammed to desired application or functionality requirements after manufacturing. This feature distinguishes FPGAs from Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), which are custom manufactured for specific design tasks. Although one-time programmable (OTP) FPGAs are available, the dominant types are SRAM based which can be reprogrammed as the design evolves.

Inside An FPGA

Comparison DSP MICROCONTROLLER FPGA Power Low Power Lowest Power Higher than the others Processing Speed in signal applications will be very efficient. Dedicated for signal. Can be fast with more cores but not as efficient as FPGA Fastest one (Parallel processing capability) Difficulty More difficult than microcontroller, easier than FPGA , but requires very good math. With some programming embedded knowledge can be programmed easily. Most difficult to use, since all structure must be designed by the user. Where is used. In applications where signal and deep math are used. Like in commination devices. MP3, Video Recorders etc. In low power applications, in applications where all different peripherals and speed is also needed. In applications where high processing speed needs, such as; real time video processing. In medical applications. Price Between These Cheapest Most Expensive