1. Microcontroller Presented by Hasnain Heickal (07), Sabbir Ahmed(08) and Zakia Afroze Abedin(19)

2. Overview  Microcontroller  Microcontroller and Microprocessor  Embedded System  Internal Architecture  Programming Language  Applications  Conclusion

3. Microcontroller  A small computer system on a single IC  First used in 1975(Intel 8048)  The introduction of EEPROM in 1993, allowed microcontrollers to be electrically erased  The same year, Atmel introduced the first microcontroller using Flash memory.

4. Microprocessor and Microcontroller  A microcontroller is a specialized form of microprocessor  Designed to be self-sufficient and cost-effective  Microprocessor is typically designed to be general purpose  Microcontroller incorporates features of Microprocessor (CPU, ALU, Registers)  Additional features  RAM,ROM,I\O ports, counter etc.  Control the operation of machine using fixed program stored in Rom

5. Embedded System  A computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints.  Controlled by one or more main processing cores that is typically either a microcontroller or a digital signal processor.

6. Implementation of Embedded System  Microcontroller  Independent System consisting of all components  PLC (Programmable Logic Control)  Microcontroller or Microprocessor is the core  Used in industrial projects

7. Microcontroller's fundamental components  The CPU core  Memory (both ROM and RAM)  Some parallel digital I/O

8. Basic microcontroller architecture (1/3)

9. Basic microcontroller architecture (2/3)  Memory  RAM  ROM  Store data and code  CPU  Mathematical and logical operation  Memory units are called Register

10. Basic microcontroller architecture (3/3) BUS – Group of 8,16 or more wires – Three type, address bus, data bus and control bus Input-output unit – port A, port B, port C … … – Input, output and bidirectional ports Serial communication Timer unit Watchdog – Automatic reset to prevent stall Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

11.  Needs to convert analog signal to digital signal for processing  Not so fast and accurate  Atmega8 contains 10 bit approximation ADC  Internal and external reference voltage can used  Result may from differ 2% to 3%  Absolute accuracy can be achieved by using external ADC

12. Block diagram of Microcontroller

13. Microcontroller Programming (1/3)  Writing a program which is executed while the microcontroller runs.  Can be written in assembly, C or Basic

14. Microcontroller Programming (2/3)  Assembly  Takes up least amount of spaces  Best result in terms of speed  C  Easier to write and understand  Slower than Assembly  Basic  Nearest a man’s way of reasoning

15. Microcontroller Programming (3/3)  Microcontroller understands only hex code  Any language must be converted to a equivalent hex code  The hex code may differ from architecture to architecture

16. Hex code generator  Used to generate the hex codes from the language  Avr tools

17. Simulator  Shows the internal processor state as well as the outputs  Allows input signal to be generated  The quickest way of debugging and analyze problem  MPLAB  Proteus

18. Applications  Is used in any smart system  Suitable for light weight electronic devices  Used in microwaves to automobiles  Electronic locks  Calculating devices  Automatic ticketing system  And many more

19. Microcontroller and Robotics  Microcontrollers are vastly used in robotics  Are used to control the robots  Can be automated or outside controlled  Limited intellegence

20. Queries ?

21. Thank you