1. The AVR Microcontroller: History and Features

2. ???
Microprocessors (CPU) vs Microcontrollers (MCU) ???

3. CPU vs. MCU Microprocessor Microcontroller
No RAM, ROM, I/O Ports on chip itself
e.g. Pentium (Intel), PowerPC (Motorola), Spark (SUN)
Applications: Desktop, Laptop, workstations, Servers
Microcontroller
Microprocessor, RAM, ROM, timers, I/O Ports on a single chip.
8051(Intel), 68HC08 (Motorola), AVR (Atmel), Z8 (Zilog), PIC (Microchip), ARM (Advanced RISC Machine).
Application: TV Remote Control, video games, robots,

4. CPU vs. MCU

5. Most common MCU/CPU 8-bit MCU 16-bit MCU/CPU 32-bit MCU AVR PIC 8051
8086/186/96/196
68HC12/16
32-bit MCU
ARM
PIC32

6. 8-bit Microcontrollers

7. ???
Embedded Systems ???

8. Embedded Systems
An embedded system is controlled by its own internal microprocessor (or microcontroller) as opposed to an external controller.
A PC is connected to various embedded products such as keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM driver, mouse and so on.
a printer gets data and prints it. A mouse takes coordinates and sends to the PC.

9. Embedded Products Computing Cars Cards Communications PC Notebook
Laptop
Storage
Color printer
Laser printer
Modem
Cable modem
Copier
Scanner
Digital camera
Cars
Anti-lock breaks
Air bags
Engine Control
Transmission Control
Climate control
Collusion avoidance
Navigation
Trip Computer
Instrumentation
Keyless entry
Communications
Wire-line Phone
Cellular Phones
PDA
Pager
Fax machine
Intercom
Cards
Banking
Electronic Purse
Social Security
Tolls

10. Embedded Products Consumer Consumer Connectivity VCR, CD Video games
DVD Player
Stereo
Smoke alarm
Camera
Remote Control
Garage Door Opener
Security System
Consumer
Toys
Answering machine
Camcorder
Musical Instruments
Sewing Machine
Exercise equipment
Connectivity
Cable TV
Cable Modem
Router
Hub

11. Choosing a microcontroller
Speed: What is the highest speed a microcontroller supports?
Packaging: Is it DIP (dual inline package) or a QFP (quad flat package) or some other type?
Power Consumption: Critical for battery powered products.
The amount of RAM and ROM on chip
The number of timers and I/O pins on chip
Cost per unite
Availability of Compiler, Simulator, Debugger.
Availability of chip in market

12. The AVR microcontroller Family
The basic architecture of AVR was designed by two students of Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, and then was bought and developed by Atmel in 1996.
The AVR stands for Advanced Virtual RISC, or Alf and Vegard RISC.
The AVR is an 8-bit RISC single-chip microcontroller with Harvard architecture.

13. RISC and CISC CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
A large number of instructions, typically from 100 to 250 instructions
Some instructions that perform specialized task and are used infrequently
A large variety of addressing modes, typically from 5 to 20 different modes
Variable-length instruction formats
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
Relatively few instructions
Relatively few addressing modes
Fixed-length, easily decoded instruction format

14. Harvard and von Neumann Architecture
von Neumann (Princeton) architecture.
The same bus is used for accessing both the code and data
Pentium Processor is based on von Neumann Architecture
Harvard architecture
Separate buses are used for accessing the code and data memory.
That means that we need four sets of buses:
A set of data buses for carrying data into and out of the CPU,
A set of address buses for accessing the data,
A set of data buses for carrying code into the CPU, and
An address bus for accessing the code
This is easy to implement inside an IC chip such as a microcontroller where both ROM code and data RAM are internal (on-chip) and distances are on the micron and millimeter scale

16. The AVR microcontroller Family
The Simplified view of an AVR Microcontroller

19. The AVR Family
The AVR can be classified into four groups: Classic, Mega, Tiny, and special purpose.
Classic AVR (AT90Sxxxx)
This is the original AVR chip, which has been replaced by newer AVR chips. These are not recommended for new designs.
Mega AVR (ATmegaxxxx)
These are powerful microcontrollers with more than 120 instructions and lots of different peripheral capabilities, which can be used in different designs. Some of their characteristics are as follows:
Program memory: 4K to 256K bytes
Package: 28 to 100 pins
Extensive peripheral set
Extended instruction set: They have rich instruction sets.

20. The AVR Family

21. The AVR Family Tiny AVR (ATtinyxxxx)
This group have less instructions and smaller packages in comparison to mega family. You can design systems with low costs and power consumptions using the Tiny AVRs. Some of their characteristics are as follows:
Program memory: IK to 8K bytes
Package: 8 to 28 pins
Limited peripheral set
Limited instruction set: The instruction sets are limited. For example, some of them do not have the multiply instruction.
Special purpose AVR
The ICs of this group can be considered as a subset of other groups, but their special capabilities are made for designing specific applications. Some of the special capabilities are: USB controller, CAN controller, LCD controller, Zigbee, Ethernet controller, FPGA, and advanced PWM.

22. The AVR Family
Embedded Systems

23. AVR different groups Classic AVR Mega Tiny Special Purpose AVR
e.g. AT90S2313, AT90S4433
Mega
e.g. ATmega8, ATmega32, ATmega128
Tiny
e.g. ATtiny13, ATtiny25
Special Purpose AVR
e.g. AT90PWM216,AT90USB1287

24. AVR different groups

25. AVR different groups

26. AVR different groups

27. Let’s get familiar with the AVR part numbers
ATmega128
Atmel
group
Flash =128K
ATtiny44
AT90S4433
Atmel
Flash =4K
Atmel
Tiny group
Classic group
Flash =4K