1. EmbedDed Systems – MECT190
Caner ALP electronics Engineer
Research Assistant

2. What ARE Embedded Systems?
Software running on a device that is not ordinarily considered a computer
Small number of dedicated tasks
Domains: mobile computing, medical, automotive/aerospace, industrial control, home appliances, military, sensor networks, Cyber-Physical Systems, smart buildings...

3. A “Short List” of Embedded Systems
Anti-lock brakes
On-board navigation
Electronic instruments
Life-support systems
Auto-focus cameras
Pagers
Printers
Teleconferencing
Automatic teller machines
Photocopiers
Satellite phones
Televisions
MPEG decoders
Plant control
Scanners
Temperature controllers
Network cards
Point-of-sale systems
Smart ovens/dishwashers
Theft tracking systems
Network switches/routers
Portable video games
Speech recognizers
TV set-top boxes
Automatic toll systems
Cell-phone base stations
Stereo systems
VCR’s, DVD players
Automatic transmission
Cordless phones
Electronic toys/games
Video game consoles
Avionic systems
Cruise control
Factory control
Medical testing systems
Battery chargers
Digital cameras
Fax machines
Modems
Camcorders
Disk drives
Fingerprint identifiers
Video phones
Cell phones
Electronic card readers
Home security systems
Washers and dryers

4. A “Short List” of Embedded Systems

5. What are the challenges of developing embedded systems?
limited resources: memory, power, CPU speed, bandwidth
performance/responsiveness requirements
real-time constraints
usability
software upgrades
debugging
unanticipated user environments
reliability, availability, safety
heterogeneity: hardware and software

6. How is “embedded systems programming” different from “regular” programming?
need to consider constraints
safety and performance are much more critical, even at the cost of reduced “internal quality”
Must be real time

7. How does embedded systems design differ from “regular” software system design?
Need to consider hardware as well as software; since the code is working directly for the hardware , software and hardware must be considered together.

8. Embedded Controllers General-purpose processors – more flexibility
Application-specific instruction set processors (ASIP); microcontroller – low power and high performance
Field programmable gate array (FPGA) – very high processing speeds and performance
Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) – more performance, power efficiency
Digital signal processor (DSP) – dedicated for signal processing

9. What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals, etc.
The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters), etc.

10. Types of Microcontrollers
Type can be classified according to the Core and number of bits.
ARM – Cortex (M0, M3, M4, A7, etc..) *– core. usually 32 and 64(new generation) bits
C28x – core. 32 bits. (Texas Instruments)
8051- core. 8 bits. *
80251 – core. 16 bits. *
MSP430 – core. 16 bits. (Texas Instruments)
AVR – core. 8 and 32 bits. (Arduino platform usually uses AVR chips from Atmel)
C55x – DSP core. 16 bits (Texas Instruments)
* All companies can produce microcontroller with these cores.

11. What is inside a microcontroller

12. Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Microcontrollers are used to execute a single task within an application.
Microprocessors are used for big applications.
Its designing and hardware cost is low.
Its designing and hardware cost is high.
Easy to replace.
Not so easy to replace.
It is built with CMOS technology, which requires less power to operate.
Its power consumption is high because it has to control the entire system.
It consists of CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports.
It doesn’t consist of RAM, ROM, I/O ports. It uses its pins to interface to peripheral devices.

13. What is a DSP?
Digital Signal Processors (DSP) take real-world signals like voice, audio, video, temperature, pressure, or position that have been digitized and then mathematically manipulate them. A DSP is designed for performing mathematical functions like "add", "subtract", "multiply" and "divide" very quickly.

14. Inside a dsp

15. What's Inside a DSP? A DSP contains these key components:
Program Memory: Stores the programs the DSP will use to process data
Data Memory: Stores the information to be processed
Compute Engine: Performs the math processing, accessing the program from the Program Memory and the data from the Data Memory
Input/Output: Serves a range of functions to connect to the outside world

16. What is an FPGA?
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are semiconductor devices that are based around a matrix of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) connected via programmable interconnects. FPGAs can be reprogrammed to desired application or functionality requirements after manufacturing. This feature distinguishes FPGAs from Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), which are custom manufactured for specific design tasks. Although one-time programmable (OTP) FPGAs are available, the dominant types are SRAM based which can be reprogrammed as the design evolves.

17. Inside An FPGA

18. DSP
MICROCONTROLLER
FPGA
Power
Low Power
Lowest Power
Higher than the others
Processing Speed
in signal applications will be very efficient. Dedicated for signal.
Can be fast with more cores but not as efficient as FPGA
Fastest one (Parallel processing capability)
Difficulty
More difficult than microcontroller, easier than FPGA , but requires very good math.
With some programming embedded knowledge can be programmed easily.
Most difficult to use, since all structure must be designed by the user.
Where is used.
In applications where signal and deep math are used. Like in commination devices. MP3, Video Recorders etc.
In low power applications, in applications where all different peripherals and speed is also needed.
In applications where high processing speed needs, such as; real time video processing. In medical applications.
Price
Between These
Cheapest
Most Expensive