1. Mikrodenetleyiciler/Mikrokontrolörler (Microcontrollers)
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6. The Intel 4004, The First CPU (November 1971) http://www. cpushack
The first single chip CPU was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit processor meant for a calculator. It processed data in 4 bits, but its instructions were 8 bits long. Program and Data memory were separate, 1K data memory and a 12-bit PC for 4K program memory. There were also sixteen 4-bit (or eight 8-bit) general purpose registers.
The 4004 had 46 instructions, using only 2,300 transistors in a 16-pin DIP. It ran at a clock rate of 740 kHz.
The 4040 (1972) was an enhanced version of the 4004, adding 14 instructions, larger (8 level) stack, 8K program space, and interrupt abilities.

7. TI TMS 1000, The First Microcontroller (1974) http://www. cpushack
Texas Instruments (TI) followed the Intel 4004/4040 closely with the 4-bit TMS 1000, which was the first microprocessor to include enough RAM, and space for a program ROM, and I/O support on a single chip to allow it to operate without multiple external support chips, making it the first microcontroller.

14. Programming Levels of Microcontrollers

21. Let the PTC resistance be x and the other resistor has a resistance y where y is a constant.
Then the voltage across the PTC is x*5V/(x+y). Let the temperature in celsius be t. Then x=t+75.

22. 3-bit Flash ADC (Parallel ADC) (3-bit Resolution)
Voltage Divider (Gerilim Bölücü)
Comparators (Karşılaştırıcılar)
Öncelikli Kodlayıcı

25. Applications of Microcontrollers
Consumer electronics
cell phones, pagers, digital cameras, camcorders, video cassette recorders, portable video games, calculators, and personal digital assistants
• Home appliances
microwave ovens, answering machines, thermostat, home security, washing machines, and lighting systems
• Office automation
fax machines, copiers, printers, and scanners
• Business equipment
cash registers, alarm systems, card readers, product scanners, and automated teller machines
• Automobiles
transmission control, cruise control, fuel injection, anti-lock brakes, and active suspension.

33. Some Basic Criteria for Microcontroller Selection
Microcontroller should have:
Descriptive reference documentation available
Simple development environment
Processing frequency higher than 8 MHz
Digital, Analog and PWM pins available (How many of them?)
Low voltage (operating voltage 3-5V )
Affordable price (<$10.00)
The necessary communication protocols (UART & SPI)

34. MSP430FG4618 vs. ATmega328P
Features
MSP430FG4618
ATmega328P-PU
Data Bus (core size)
16 bit
8 bit
Speed
8MHz
Storage
16KB
32KB
Memory
8KB
2KB
Digital I/O 80 14
Analog I/O 12 6
Supply voltage V V
UART & SPI
yes
Price /chip
FREE (LQFP)
FREE (DIP)