Chapter 15 Section 2: The War in the East The American Civil War Chapter 15 Section 2: The War in the East Pages 478-483

The American Civil War Fighting in Virginia First major battle of Civil War in Virginia, in July 1861 Union army of 35,000 under General Irvin McDowell Confederate army of 22,000 under General P. G. T. Beauregard Neither army was well trained, or disciplined. Clashed at Bull Run Creek near Manassas Many civilians from Washington D.C. came out to watch the battle The beginning of the battle seemed to be a Union victory. Additional 10,000 Confederates arrived Confederate troops under General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson held against Union advance Confederates counterattacked Union troops broke and ran Union soldiers and civilians choked the roads back to Washington D.C. Confederates won First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the first Battle of Manassas At the height of the first major clash of arms between North and South, the 11th New York Fire Zouaves (made up of New York City Firemen) and 14th Brooklyn New York State Militia together battled atop Henry House Hill to regain control of two artillery pieces of Captain Charles Griffin's battery that were lost to the Confederate forces.

More Battles in Virginia The American Civil War More Battles in Virginia Union General George B. McClellan placed in charge of 100,000 soldiers, called Army of Potomac Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under command of General Robert E. Lee Union General Georg B. McClellan Confederate General Robert E. Lee Lee attacked Union forces in series of clashes called Seven Days’ Battles and forced Union army to retreat in June 1862 Lincoln relieved McClellan of command. Union and Confederates fought again at Second Battle of Bull Run, or Second Battle of Manassas, in August 1862; Confederates again forced a Union retreat. Lincoln fired General John Pope, and put McClellan back in command. Battle of Frazier’s Farm, Virginia June 30 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia August 28-30 1862

Focus Question #1 Describe how Union and Confederate forces fought for control of the war in Virginia.

Commander, Army of Northern Virginia The American Civil War Robert E. Lee Born into wealthy Virginia family in 1807 Father was Revolutionary war hero Henry Lee III ( “Light Horse Harry” Lee) Graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point Fought in Mexican-American War Lincoln had asked Lee to lead Union army at start of Civil War Lee declined and resigned from U.S. Army to become a Confederate general VERY aggressive by nature; a risk taker. Not worried about what his opponents did, or did not do. Knew his enemies well, and could predict their reactions in battle. General Robert E. Lee Commander, Army of Northern Virginia

Sharpsburg, Maryland September 17, 1862. The American Civil War Lee Invades the North Confederate leaders wanted to follow Lee’s victories in Virginia with victory on northern soil. Lee’s Confederate troops and McClellan’s Union army met along Antietam Creek in Maryland on September 17, 1862. Their goal was to reach and capture Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Ultimate goal was to threaten Washington D.C. The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history, with more than 12,000 Union and 13,000 Confederate casualties. More Americans were killed and wounded than in all of America’s previous wars combined. was an important victory for the Union, stopping Lee’s northward advance. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia crossed the Potomac River into Maryland The Battle for Burnside’s Bridge, across Antietam Creek, Sharpsburg, Maryland September 17, 1862.

Focus Question #2 How did The Battle of Antietam give the North an advantage in the war?

The American Civil War The War at Sea Union navy controlled the sea and blockaded southern ports Hurt southern economy by preventing the South from selling and receiving goods Some small, fast ships got through blockade, but the number of ships entering southern ports was reduced from 6,000 to 800 a year.

The Union Blockade

C.S.S. Virginia, and U.S.S. Monitor, March 8-9 1862. The American Civil War Clash of the Ironclads Confederacy turned to new type of warship—ironclads, or ships heavily armored with iron Captured Union ship U.S.S. Merrimack, turned it into ironclad, and renamed it the C.S.S. Virginia Successfully attacked the wooden ships of the Union Met by Union ironclad, the Monitor, in battle near Hampton Roads, Virginia, in March 1862 and forced to withdraw Designed by John Ericsson Had a revolving gun tower and thick plating The Monitor’s success saved the Union fleet and continued the blockade. The Battle of Hampton Roads, Virginia between the Ironclads C.S.S. Virginia, and U.S.S. Monitor, March 8-9 1862.

How did the Confederacy attempt to break the Union naval blockade? Focus Question #3 How did the Confederacy attempt to break the Union naval blockade?

Essential Question for Chapter 15 Section 2 Describe how Confederate and Union forces faced off in Virginia and at sea.