UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER 3-7 UNIT 3 Topics Covered IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER UNIT 3 Topics Covered Energy Sources – Fuels and Power Plants Trigonometry and Vectors Classical Mechanics: Force, Work, Energy, and Power Impacts of Current Generation and Use

Power Plants 3-7 Types of Power Plants IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Power Plants Types of Power Plants The engine, motor, and related parts Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled object Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source input Electricity generating station Typically what is referred to by “power plant” Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Background

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Background What electricity is used for: Heating, cooking, cooling, light, sound, computers, communication, entertainment… Distribution grid: Our focus http://www.howstuffworks.com/power.htm

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Typical Operation Fuel is used to produce heat energy Water is heated and boiled to steam High pressure steam enters and spins turbines (Turbines convert steam into mechanical energy) Turbines turn electrical generator (electricity is created) Electricity is transmitted via cables through power grid http://www.howstuffworks.com/power.htm 2 1 5 3 4

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Power Plants – Power Stations Alternative Operation Alternative energy source (e.g. water, wind) spins turbines Turbines turn electrical generator Electricity is transmitted via cables through power grid 1 http://www.howstuffworks.com/power.htm 3 2

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Non-renewable Fossil Fuel Power Plant – Coal Prime mover is steam turbine Flue gas exhausted to atmosphere Waste heat released to atmosphere – cooling towers 2nd law of thermodynamics – not all heat can be converted into mechanical form to do work, some heat will be wasted A power plant cannot be 100% efficient http://www.howstuffworks.com/power.htm

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Non-renewable Fossil Fuel Power Plant – Coal (cont.) Flue 7 5 4 http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/coalart.gif 1 3 6 2 Waste Heat

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Non-renewable Fossil Fuel Power Plant – Petroleum and Natural Gas Prime mover is gas turbine http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/FOSSIL.HTML#Coal

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Power Plants – Power Stations Waste heat (options): Cooling Towers: Released to atmosphere Combined Cycle: Recycled in secondary boiler http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/FOSSIL.HTML#Coal

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 TERTIARY LOOP SECONDARY LOOP PRIMARY LOOP Cooling water from outside source; gets hot as it condenses steam Released in cooling tower Nuclear Power Plant Closed-loop reactor Control rods inserted to decrease chain reaction (control rods absorb neutrons, which slows reaction) Heated reactor water boils secondary loop of water in boiler (steam generator) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.freeinfosociety.com/images/science/nuclearenergy1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php%3Fpostnum%3D3115&usg=__x8wqqN0V5uyu_HXat8Z-iicSBb4=&h=299&w=612&sz=28&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=WtC6Zhde0KAmSM:&tbnh=66&tbnw=136&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnuclear%2Bpower%2Bplant%2Bdiagram%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG Steam spins turbine Electricity generated to grid

Containment Structure IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Steam Turbine Generator Condenser Cooling Tower Containment Structure Reactor Boiler Nuclear Power Plant (continued) http://www.allforpower.com/CustomFiles/Image/2007/AFP107/afp107_svar_01.jpg

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant Total solar energy absorbed by earth in 1 hour is more than world uses in a year 1 year of solar energy is as much as twice the amount of energy derived from all non-renewables on Earth All renewables (except geothermal) derive energy from the Sun (e.g., wind, biomass, hydro, wave…) Sun’s warmth and light Passive collection – capturing warmth and light through design Active collection – using technology to transform solar energy into electricity http://www.alternate-energy-sources.com/what-is-renewable-energy.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – PASSIVE COLLECTION Architecture – designing structures Face buildings south Solar water heating http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/atmosphere/energy/earth_orientation_small.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.solcomhouse.com/images/pass.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.solcomhouse.com/solarpower.htm&usg=__Ji4HzM4hAKnpNdKJ_lNHhaEgNoo=&h=315&w=484&sz=54&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=LfFUlBq9yEqqkM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhouse%2Bface%2Bsouth%2Bsolar%2Benergy%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG http://www.jeffvail.net/uploaded_images/house1-764319.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – PASSIVE COLLECTION (cont.) Agriculture – growing food Fruit walls (trap heat and accelerate ripening) Timed planting cycles Drying chicken manure Greenhouses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laeken_Greenhouses.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:103_2934.JPG http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.stmarysbramber.co.uk/images/secret_door.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.stmarysbramber.co.uk/gardens.htm&usg=__HUXnL7B12qOpLX0mtN_ajAViTkI=&h=400&w=300&sz=38&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=iNBmLY6U-iibQM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfruit%2Bwall%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – PASSIVE COLLECTION (cont.) Other Uses Water treatment – UV filter Cooking – focuses heat directly or creates steam http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indonesia-sodis-gross.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auroville_Solar_Bowl.JPG

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – ACTIVE COLLECTION Photovoltaics (PV) Photovoltaic Effect – converts light into electric current 1880s – first solar cell 1958 – first significant application – Vanguard I satellite 1960s – PV established power source for satellites http://teams.eas.muohio.edu/solarpower/WhatIsSolarPower.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://www.solarserver.de/solarmagazin/images/hemau_luft1.jpg Hamau Solar Park, Germany

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – ACTIVE COLLECTION (cont.) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Use lenses, mirrors, trackers to focus large area of sunlight into small beam Solar troughs – most cost-effective Parabolic reflector – most efficient http://science.howstuffworks.com/thermal-technology1.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS10_solar_power_tower http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Solar_updraft_tower.svg http://www.grassrootsstore.com/ProductImages/W9978-LRG.jpg

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant – ACTIVE COLLECTION (cont.) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Solar tower – traps heat, creates steam for turbines Solar updraft tower – combines chimney, greenhouse, wind turbine http://science.howstuffworks.com/thermal-technology1.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS10_solar_power_tower http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Solar_updraft_tower.svg http://www.grassrootsstore.com/ProductImages/W9978-LRG.jpg

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Wind Power Plant Sun influences weather processes that create wind Converts wind energy into electricity using turbines History >5,500 yrs ago – sailboats and natural ventilation 600s, Afghanistan – vertical shaft mills grind grain 1100s, Europe – horizontal shaft mills grind wheat U.S. – used for irrigation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power http://www.worldofenergy.com.au/factsheet_wind/07_fact_wind_types.html

Sketch and label this diagram Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Wind Power Plant (cont.) Blades – propellers mounted on masts are pitched (angled) Gear Box – connects low-speed shaft to high-speed shaft to increase rpm from ~50 to ~1200 Generator – converts mechanical energy of high-speed shaft to electrical energy http://www.mercury.co.nz/Residential/electricity_renewable_wind.aspx Sketch and label this diagram Mast

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Hydroelectric Power Plant Gravitational force of falling water converted into electricity using turbines History >2000 yrs ago, Rome and Greece – grinding wheat into flour 1700/1800s – powered textile and industrial mills 1882, Wisconsin – first hydroelectric plant http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/gilded/hydro_1 http://environmental-engineering.suite101.com/article.cfm/hydroelectric_power_generation http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/climate_change/alt_hydroelectric.htm

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Hydroelectric Power Plant (cont.) Dam stores water in reservoir Energy generation depends on head – height difference from top of reservoir to top of river – and volume Spillway releases excess water Gate releases dam water into penstock – screen prevents objects from damaging turbines Penstock is piping – pressure of water increases http://library.thinkquest.org/15215/media/hydroelectric_dam.gif http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module17/Hydroelectricity.htm

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Hydroelectric Power Plant (cont.) http://library.thinkquest.org/15215/media/hydroelectric_dam.gif http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module17/Hydroelectricity.htm

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Hydroelectric Power Plant (cont.) http://science.howstuffworks.com/hydropower-plant1.htm http://www.mightyriver.co.nz/generation/aboutelectricity/makingelectricity/default.aspx

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Geothermal Power Plant Harnessing energy generated from heat stored in Earth History Hot springs used for centuries for bathing and heating 1911, Italy – world’s first and only plant until 1958 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy#History_of_development http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/135226.jpg http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/Images/re_geo-hotspring.jpg

Power Plants – Power Stations IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Geothermal Power Plant (cont.) Steam or hot water pumped from underground to turn turbines Waste steam/water returned to ground or reused http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/heidtken.html http://www.virtualsciencefair.org/2006/wong6j2/geothermal.html

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Tidal Power Plants http://technologystudent.com/images5/tidal1.gif http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/tidal.html

Power Plants – Power Stations Types of Power Stations – Renewable Energy Wave Power Plants – 2 types Linear Generator http://www.el.angstrom.uu.se/forskningsprojekt/bilder_vagkraft/Farm_liten.jpg http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/01-02/RE_info/Wave%20power%20files/image013.jpg