Transformation of Energy Section 1 Cellular Energy How Organisms Obtain Energy – Chapter 8 Transformation of Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

Laws of Thermodynamics Section 1 Cellular Energy How Organisms Obtain Energy Laws of Thermodynamics First law—energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed. Second law—energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Section 1 Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Use light energy from sun to make own food Obtain energy from other organisms ALL ORGANISMS NEED ENERGY TO CARRY OUT LIFE FUNCTIONS AND MUST RELEASE ENERGY FROM SUGARS AND OTHER COMPOUNDS!!

Metabolism - all of the chemical reactions in a cell Section 1 Cellular Energy How Organisms Obtain Energy Metabolism - all of the chemical reactions in a cell Two types of metabolic pathways 1. Anabolic – Take in energy to build large molecules 2. Catabolic – Release energy when breaking down large molecules

Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell Cellular respiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) One of principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy Adenine 3 Phosphate groups Ribose (5-carbon sugar)

ATP How is energy stored and released? ADP Energy Energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Partially charged battery Fully charged battery What is ATP used for in the cell?

Process of turning light energy from the sun into chemical energy Photosynthesis Process of turning light energy from the sun into chemical energy

Overview of Photosynthesis Section 2 Cellular Energy Photosynthesis Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in two phases. Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions or the Calvin Cycle.

Photosynthesis: Overview CO2 Light NADP+ ADP + P Light- dependent reactions Calvin Cycle Calvin cycle Chloroplast O2 Sugars

Photosynthesis: Overview LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS Require light / use energy from light to produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH CALVIN CYCLE Does NOT require light / uses ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars that can be stored for a long time

Electron Carriers When a potato is very hot, you wouldn’t dare grab it with your bare hand, rather you use an oven mitt to carry the potato. As the potato cools, you no longer need the oven mitt. This is similar to an electron carrier. Once an electron receives energy from the sun, it is considered a “high-energy electron.” The electron does not travel on its own from place to place. Another substance (in this case NADP) carries the electron to its destination. As the electron loses it’s high energy levels, it no longer needs an electron carrier. An electron carrier then is “a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.”

Light-Dependent Reactions ATP synthase + O2 2H2O ADP 2 NADP+ 2 2 NADPH

5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Calvin Cycle 12 12 ADP 6 ADP 12 NADPH 6 12 NADP+ 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated

Section 2 Cellular Energy Photosynthesis Electron Transport Light energy excites electrons in the photosystems and also causes a water molecule to split, releasing an electron and O2 is released as a waste product.

Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle Section 2 Cellular Energy Photosynthesis Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle In the second phase of photosynthesis, called the Calvin cycle, energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose.

CO2 molecules combine with a 6 carbon molecule with an enzyme. Section 2 Cellular Energy Photosynthesis CO2 molecules combine with a 6 carbon molecule with an enzyme. The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to make a glucose molecule.

Section 2 Cellular Energy Photosynthesis Alternative Pathways - in hot, dry environments plants have adapted to a different way to perform photosynthesis C4 plants – are able to make glucose in different cells. Ex: Corn and sugarcane CAM plants – are able to make glucose at different time of the day. Ex: Pineapples and cati

Overview of Cellular Respiration Section 3 Cellular Energy Cellular Respiration Overview of Cellular Respiration Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.

Cellular respiration occurs in three main parts. Glycolysis Section 3 Cellular Energy Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration occurs in three main parts. Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport

NET GAIN OF HOW MANY ATP MOLECULES? Glycolysis Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing pyruvic acid and a small amount of energy in the cytoplasm 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP 2NAD+ 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NET GAIN OF HOW MANY ATP MOLECULES?

Section 3 Cellular Energy Cellular Respiration Krebs Cycle Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate. The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle.

The net yield from the Krebs cycle: 6 CO2 molecules 2 ATPs 8 NADH Section 3 Cellular Energy Cellular Respiration The net yield from the Krebs cycle: 6 CO2 molecules 2 ATPs 8 NADH 2 FADH2

Krebs Cycle CoA CO2 NAD NADH ADP ATP P FAD FADH2

Electron Transport Chain Section 3 Cellular Energy Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Chain Final step in the breakdown of glucose Point at which ATP is produced Produces about 24 ATP

Electron Transport Chain Uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP Channel ATP synthase ATP

Anaerobic Respiration Section 3 Cellular Energy Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis Two main types Lactic acid fermentation Alcohol fermentation Cellular Respiration

Releases energy from food by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen Fermentation Releases energy from food by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT TO CELLS?

Two Types of Fermentation ALCOHOLIC Used by yeasts and microorganisms, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide (as well as NAD+) NO OXYGEN! NAD+ PRODUCED FOR BOTH! LACTIC ACID Conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid (as well as NAD+)

Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Cellular Energy Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice connected.mcgraw-hill.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy? Chapter Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy? Energy cannot be converted or destroyed. Energy can be converted and destroyed. Energy can be converted but not destroyed. Energy can be destroyed but not converted. A B C D CDQ 1

In which metabolic process are molecules Chapter Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions In which metabolic process are molecules broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water? photosynthesis cellular respiration homeostasis fermentation A B C D CDQ 2

At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy stored? Chapter Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy stored? NADPH ATP chloroplast glucose A B C D CDQ 3

Chapter Cellular Energy Section 1 Formative Questions Which law of thermodynamics explains why the ladybug receives the least amount of usable energy? A B the first law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics FQ 1

All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun. Chapter Cellular Energy Section 1 Formative Questions All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun. true false A B FQ 2

Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway? Chapter Cellular Energy Section 1 Formative Questions Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway? Energy is used to form glucose and oxygen. Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules. A B C D FQ 3

Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an Chapter Cellular Energy Section 1 Formative Questions Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an important biological molecule? It captures light energy from the sun. It is produced in anabolic pathways. It stores and releases chemical energy. It converts mechanical energy to thermal energy. A B C D FQ 4

Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place? Chapter Cellular Energy Section 2 Formative Questions Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place? chloroplasts Golgi apparatus mitochondria vacuoles A B C D FQ 5

Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b? Chapter Cellular Energy Section 2 Formative Questions Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b? 400-500 nm 500-600 nm 600-700 nm A B C FQ 6

Which mechanism of photosynthesis uses Chapter Cellular Energy Section 2 Formative Questions Which mechanism of photosynthesis uses the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a concentration gradient to synthesize ATP? absorption chemiosmosis electron transport C2 pathway A B C D FQ 7

How are the C4 pathway and the CAM pathway Chapter Cellular Energy Section 2 Formative Questions How are the C4 pathway and the CAM pathway an adaptive strategy for some plants? They accelerate photosynthesis. They release more oxygen. They help the plant conserve water. They reduce the requirement for ATP. A B C D FQ 8

What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? Chapter Cellular Energy Section 3 Formative Questions What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? to make ATP to process H2O to store glucose to deliver oxygen A B C D FQ 9

Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration? Chapter Cellular Energy Section 3 Formative Questions Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration? TCA cycle  chemiosmosis  glycolysis glycolysis  Krebs cycle  electron transport electron absorption  catalysis  phosphorylation aerobic pathway  anaerobic pathway  fermentation A B C D FQ 10

Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process? Chapter Cellular Energy Section 3 Formative Questions Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process? glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport A B C FQ 11

CoA CO2 FADH2 NADH Which molecule generated by the Krebs Chapter Cellular Energy Section 3 Formative Questions Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product? CoA CO2 FADH2 NADH A B C D FQ 12

Chapter Cellular Energy Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following figure. Which part of the chloroplast is a sac-like membrane arranged in stacks? grana stroma thylakoids Golgi apparatus A B C D CAQ 1

pyruvate is broken down into what compound? Chapter Cellular Energy Chapter Assessment Questions During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is broken down into what compound? H2O O2 CO CO2 A B C D CAQ 2

Chapter Cellular Energy Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following figure. Which molecule is released when ATP becomes ADP? phosphate group water molecule ribose sugar energy cells A B C D CAQ 3

A B Which metabolic process is photosynthesis? Chapter Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice Which metabolic process is photosynthesis? A B A B STP 1

At the beginning of photosynthesis, which Chapter Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice At the beginning of photosynthesis, which molecule is split to produce oxygen (O2) as a waste product? CO2 H2O C6H12O6 3-PGA A B C D STP 2

Which molecule helps provide the energy that drives this cycle? Chapter Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice Which molecule helps provide the energy that drives this cycle? 3-PGA CO2 NADPH rubisco A B C D STP 3

Which product of the Calvin cycle is used for Chapter Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice Which product of the Calvin cycle is used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds? ADP CO2 G3P NADP+ A B C D STP 4

What is the final step of cellular respiration? Chapter Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice What is the final step of cellular respiration? O2 and H+ form H2O. Electrons and H2O generate ATP. C6H12O6 is broken down into CO2. NADH and FADH2 gain electrons. A B C D STP 5

an increased demand for ATP Chapter Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice What prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle and instead results in this pathway? a buildup of CO2 a lack of oxygen an excess of glucose an increased demand for ATP A B C D STP 6

Which is not a process that occurs in both Chapter Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice Which is not a process that occurs in both cellular respiration and glycolysis? chemiosmosis electron transport glycolysis production of G3P A B C D STP 7

Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter Cellular Energy Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter Cellular Energy Image Bank

Section 1 Vocabulary energy thermodynamics metabolism Photosynthesis Cellular Energy Vocabulary Section 1 energy thermodynamics metabolism Photosynthesis cellular respiration adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Section 2 Vocabulary thylakoid granum stroma pigment NADP+ Cellular Energy Vocabulary Section 2 thylakoid granum stroma pigment NADP+ Calvin cycle rubisco

Section 3 Vocabulary anaerobic process aerobic respiration Cellular Energy Vocabulary Section 3 anaerobic process aerobic respiration aerobic process glycolysis Krebs cycle fermentation

Visualizing Electron Transport The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Chapter Cellular Energy Animation ATP The Calvin Cycle Visualizing Electron Transport The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Chapter Cellular Energy

Chapter Cellular Energy

Chapter Cellular Energy