11 Fossil Fuels.

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Presentation transcript:

11 Fossil Fuels

Overview of Chapter 11 Fossil Fuels Coal Oil and Natural Gas Coal Reserves and Mining Problems and Effects of Burning Coal Cleaner coal? Oil and Natural Gas Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas Oil and Natural Gas reserves Environmental Impacts of Oil and Natural Gas Synfuels and other Fossil-Fuel Resources

Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill April 2010 explosion, British Petroleum 4 million barrels of crude oil into Gulf of Mexico Killed 11 oil rig workers Costs and benefits of using fossil fuels as energy source

Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels- Combustible deposits in the Earth’s crust Composed of the remnants (fossils) of prehistoric organisms that existed millions of years ago Includes coal, oil (petroleum) and natural gas Supply over 80% of energy used in North America Non-renewable resource Fossil fuels are created too slowly to replace the reserves we use

How Are Fossil Fuels Formed? ~300 million years ago Climate was mild Vast swamps covered much of the land Dead plant material decayed slowly in the swamp environment

How Are Fossil Fuels Formed Coal Heat, pressure, and time turned the plant material into carbon-rich rock (coal) Oil Sediment deposited over microscopic plants Heat, pressure, and time turned them into hydrocarbons (oil) Natural Gas Formed the same way as oil, but at temperatures higher than 100 °C

Fossil Fuels, C cycle, climate Burning releases C as CO2 C from plants that fixed it (via photosynthesis) over 300 mya Increasing the export of CO2 to atmosphere, but not increasing fixation Natural cycles change slowly Burning is quick change – out of balance

Coal Most, if not all, coal deposits have been identified Occurs in different grades- based on variations in heat and pressure during burial Energy density – energy per volume

Coal Coal is highly flammable Dangerous to mine Burning and mining releases pollutants 90,000 miner deaths during 20th century Increased risk of lung disease and cancer 2,000 die each year from diseases

Coal US has 25% of world’s coal supplies Known coal deposits could last 200 years At present rate of consumption

Coal Mining Coal usually found in seams that vary from 1” to 100’ in thickness Surface mining (below) Chosen if coal is within 30m of surface Ex: Strip mining Subsurface mining Extraction of mineral and energy resources from deep underground deposits

Environmental Impacts of Mining Coal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) Requires filling (reclaiming) of surface mines after mining Reduces Acid Mine Drainage Requires permits and inspections of active coal mining sights Prohibits coal mining in sensitive areas Land with mines abandoned prior to 1977 are slowly being restored

Environmental Impacts of Mining Coal Acid mine drainage Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dissolved materials, such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium was from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams Rainwater seeps inside exposed mine wastes Contaminates soils

Mountain Top Removal Topography before mining

Mountain Top Removal Topography after mining

Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal Releases large quantities of CO2 into atmosphere Greenhouse gas Releases other pollutants into atmosphere Mercury Sulfur oxides Nitrogen oxides Can cause acid precipitation Rainwater ~5.6 pH, acid rain ~2.1 (lemon juice)

Making Coal Cleaner Scrubbers - desulfurization systems Remove 98–99% of sulfur from power plant’s exhaust Expensive Sludge byproduct must be disposed of Sludge and fly ash are part of resource recovery Marketable product from wastes Nationwide cap of SO2 and nitrogen oxide emissions

Making Coal Cleaner Fluidized Bed Combustion Crushed coal mixed with limestone to neutralize acidic sulfur compounds produced during combustion process

Regulation of CO2 emissions EPA can regulate CO2 emissions 2014 U.S. Supreme Court decision Controversy because CO2 is a natural product of respiration and organisms Push for carbon capture and storage (CCS) New power plants store CO2 when released Initially expensive to install technology Worry about where and how to ‘store’ the captured CO2

Oil and Natural Gas Important after 1930s More versatile, easier to transport, cleaner to burn Oil and gas provide ~62% of U.S. energy They provide ~58% of World’s energy

Petroleum Refining Numerous hydrocarbons present in crude oil (petroleum) are separated Based on boiling point Natural gas contains far fewer hydrocarbons than crude oil Methane, ethane, propane and butane

Natural Gas Contains methane, propane and butane Propane and butane are used for cooking and heating in rural areas Methane used for heat and to generate electricity in power plants Natural gas as vehicle fuel Emit 93% fewer hydrocarbons, 90% less carbon monoxide and 90% fewer toxic emissions than gasoline

Natural Gas Gas first compressed into liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Oil and Natural Gas Exploration Oil and natural gas migrate upwards until they hit impermeable rock Usually located in structural traps Underground geologic structures that tend to trap any oil or natural gas if present

Oil Reserves Uneven distribution globally More than half is located in the Middle East

Natural Gas Reserves Uneven distribution globally More than half is located in Russia and Iran European energy concerns with Russian take over of Crimea (another country) in 2014

How long will Supplies Last? May have already reached peak oil Depends on: Locating more deposits Future extraction technologies Changes in global consumption rates Experts indicate there may be shortages in 21st century.

Marcellus Shale Huge store of natural gas in U.S. Beneath >24 states Shale gas more difficult to extract than in sandstone Requires fracturing of rock via hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic Fracturing Water and chemicals pushed at high pressure to crack rock (release trapped gas) Produces large amounts of waste water Push to recycle water Very controversial Regulations slow Environmental impacts variable and data lacking Waste water stored deep underground Can cause earthquakes if injected incorrectly

Hydraulic Fracturing

Environmental Impacts of Oil and Natural Gas Combustion Increase carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions Natural gas is far cleaner burning than oil Production Disturbance to land and habitat Transport Spills- especially in aquatic systems Ex: Alaskan Oil Spill (1989)

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill April 22, 2010 - Deepwater Horizon, a drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico, exploded Flow of oil from the oil well was finally stopped in mid-July 2010 5 million barrels of oil flowed into ocean Most rose to surface where it spread Nearly 75,000km2 of ocean were covered

Deepwater Horizon Spill

Deepwater Horizon Spill British Petroleum still in court about reparations (January 2015) Payments to those affected by oil spill

1989 Alaskan Oil Spill Exxon Valdez hit a reef and spilled 260,000 barrels of crude oil into sound Captain was drunk Largest oil spill in U.S. history Led to Oil Pollution Act of 1990

1989 Alaskan Oil Spill

Case in Point - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) Controversy to open ANWR more Many stakeholders Alaskan natives Energy corporations Politicians Citizens – gas prices Domestic energy reliance

Synfuels A liquid or gaseous fuel that is synthesized from coal and other naturally occurring sources A substitute for oil or natural gas Tar sands (bitumen) Bitumen difficult to remove- must heat it underground with steam to make it flow Refined like crude oil, uses more energy Keystone pipeline debate - will run through U.S. from tar sands in Canada Oil shales (kerogen) Crushed and heated to yield oil

Synfuels Gas hydrates Liquefied coal Coal gas (right) Ice encrusted natural gas deep under permafrost in arctic Liquefied coal Liquid produced from coal Expensive to produce Coal gas (right) Burns as cleanly as natural gas

Environmental Impact of Synfuels Many of same undesirable effects as fossil fuels Contribute to global warming Contribute to air pollution Coal gas requires large amount of water to extract Mostly located in areas very short on water Recovering fuels in tar sands and oil shales would require extensive surface mining Very environmentally dirty and more CO2 during production than other fuels